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Density Functional Theory (DFT) is a quantum mechanical method used to investigate the ________ structure of many-body systems.
- Nuclear
- Electronic
- Molecular
- Atomic
Answer: Electronic
DFT calculates electronic structure (energy, orbitals) of atoms, molecules, solids using electron density instead of wavefunctions. Widely used in materials design, catalysis, drug discovery. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
Superconductivity occurs below a critical temperature where electrical resistance becomes:
- Very high
- Moderate
- Zero
- Negative
Answer: Zero
Superconductors exhibit zero DC resistance and Meissner effect (expelling magnetic fields). Applications: MRI magnets, maglev trains, quantum computing. High-Tc superconductors operate above liquid nitrogen temps. [[NCERT Physics Class 12]]
Edge computing processes data near the ________ rather than in a centralized cloud.
- Server
- Source
- Database
- User
Answer: Source
Edge computing reduces latency and bandwidth by processing data at/near IoT devices (sensors, phones). Critical for real-time applications: autonomous vehicles, industrial automation. [[MeitY Reports]]
Which functional group is characteristic of beta-lactam antibiotics like penicillin?
- Ester
- Amide
- Beta-lactam ring
- Carboxylic acid
Answer: Beta-lactam ring
Beta-lactam ring (4-membered cyclic amide) inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis. Resistance via beta-lactamase enzymes. Core structure for penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
DNA methylation typically occurs at ________ dinucleotide sites and generally represses gene expression.
- AT
- GC
- CG
- TA
Answer: CG
CpG islands (CG dinucleotides) are common methylation sites. Methyl groups added to cytosine by DNMT enzymes silence genes. Epigenetic changes influence development, disease, and inheritance. [[NCERT Biology Class 12]]
True or False: Host-guest chemistry is a branch of supramolecular chemistry focusing on non-covalent interactions.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Supramolecular chemistry studies molecular assemblies via hydrogen bonds, van der Waals, π-π interactions. Applications: drug delivery, sensors, molecular machines (Nobel 2016). [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
Graphene is a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a ________ lattice.
- Cubic
- Hexagonal
- Tetragonal
- Orthorhombic
Answer: Hexagonal
Graphene's 2D honeycomb lattice gives exceptional strength, conductivity, and flexibility. Applications: flexible electronics, composites, sensors. Nobel Prize in Physics 2010. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 11, DST Reports]]
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with reward and pleasure pathways?
- Serotonin
- Dopamine
- GABA
- Acetylcholine
Answer: Dopamine
Dopamine in mesolimbic pathway mediates reward, motivation, addiction. Imbalances linked to Parkinson's (deficit) and schizophrenia (excess). Critical for understanding brain function. [[NCERT Biology Class 11]]
Aditya-L1, India's solar mission, is positioned at which Lagrange point?
- L1
- L2
- L4
- L5
Answer: L1
Aditya-L1 orbits Sun-Earth L1 point (~1.5 million km from Earth), providing uninterrupted solar observation. Studies corona, solar winds, and space weather impacts. [[ISRO Reports, NCERT Geography Class 11]]
True or False: Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are derived from adult somatic cells reprogrammed to an embryonic-like state.
- True
- False
Answer: True
iPSCs (Yamanaka, 2006) are generated by introducing transcription factors (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc) into adult cells. Avoid ethical issues of embryonic stem cells; used in regenerative medicine. [[DBT Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]
Which drug class inhibits the enzyme ACE (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme)?
- Beta-blockers
- ACE inhibitors
- Calcium channel blockers
- Diuretics
Answer: ACE inhibitors
ACE inhibitors (e.g., Enalapril, Lisinopril) block conversion of angiotensin I to II, lowering blood pressure. First-line treatment for hypertension and heart failure. [[NCERT Biology Class 11, MoHFW Guidelines]]
True or False: Quantum dots exhibit size-dependent optical properties due to quantum confinement.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Quantum dots (semiconductor nanocrystals) emit different colors based on size: smaller dots emit blue, larger emit red. Used in displays, bioimaging, solar cells. [[NCERT Physics Class 12, DST Reports]]
True or False: NMR spectroscopy uses radio waves to study the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei.
- True
- False
Answer: True
NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) exploits nuclear spin in magnetic fields; radiofrequency pulses induce resonance. Used for molecular structure determination in chemistry and medicine (MRI). [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
Under the Paris Agreement, Article 6 establishes mechanisms for:
- Climate finance only
- International carbon trading
- Technology transfer only
- Loss and damage funding
Answer: International carbon trading
Article 6 enables countries to cooperate via carbon markets (trading emission reductions) and non-market approaches to achieve NDCs. Critical for global climate mitigation. [[UNFCCC, MoEFCC Reports]]
RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process that:
- Amplifies DNA
- Silences gene expression
- Replicates RNA
- Translates proteins
Answer: Silences gene expression
RNAi uses siRNA/miRNA to degrade or block translation of specific mRNA, regulating genes. Applied in pest-resistant crops (e.g., RNAi cotton) and therapeutic research. [[NCERT Biology Class 12, DBT Reports]]
The Ostwald process is used for the industrial production of ________ acid.
- Sulfuric
- Nitric
- Phosphoric
- Hydrochloric
Answer: Nitric
Ostwald process: catalytic oxidation of NH₃ to NO, then to NO₂, absorbed in water to form HNO₃. Critical for fertilizers, explosives, and chemical synthesis. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
True or False: Monoclonal antibodies are produced by identical immune cells cloned from a single parent cell.
- True
- False
Answer: True
mAbs are homogeneous antibodies targeting a single epitope, produced via hybridoma technology. Used in cancer therapy (e.g., Trastuzumab), diagnostics, and autoimmune diseases. [[NCERT Biology Class 12, ICMR Reports]]
Which reaction is used to prepare alkyl halides from alcohols using SOCl₂?
- Friedel-Crafts
- Sandmeyer
- Darzens
- Appel
Answer: Appel
Appel reaction: R-OH + SOCl₂/PPh₃ → R-Cl + SO₂ + POCl₃. Converts alcohols to alkyl chlorides under mild conditions. Important synthetic method in organic chemistry. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
What is the basic unit of information in quantum computing?
- Bit
- Qubit
- Byte
- Quantum gate
Answer: Qubit
Qubit (quantum bit) can exist in superposition (0 and 1 simultaneously), enabling parallel computation. Entanglement allows correlated qubit states. Potential to solve problems intractable for classical computers. [[NITI Aayog Reports]]
True or False: CRISPR-Cas9 can be used for both gene editing and gene regulation without cutting DNA.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Dead Cas9 (dCas9) fused with activators/repressors can regulate gene expression without DNA cleavage (CRISPRa/i). Standard Cas9 cuts DNA for editing. This versatility expands therapeutic applications. [[DBT Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]