GK Questions

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polity hard mcq

The 15th Finance Commission (2020-25) used which NEW criterion in horizontal devolution to reward States for population control efforts?

  1. Forest cover
  2. Demographic performance
  3. Tax effort
  4. Area
polity hard mcq

Which constitutional provision ensures the independence of the Chief Election Commissioner by making their removal process similar to that of a Supreme Court Judge?

  1. Article 324(5)
  2. Article 329
  3. Article 243K
  4. Article 243ZA
polity hard true_false

The Supreme Court has recognized that right to health under Article 21 includes protection of traditional medical knowledge from biopiracy, requiring benefit-sharing with indigenous communities when their knowledge is commercialized.

  1. True
  2. False
polity hard mcq

In juvenile justice, the Supreme Court has interpreted Article 21 to require rehabilitation over retribution for children in conflict with law. Which principle guides the Juvenile Justice Act, 2015 in balancing accountability with child protection?

  1. Punitive deterrence for all offences regardless of age
  2. Best interests of child principle with graduated accountability based on age, maturity, offence severity
  3. Complete immunity from legal consequences for all juvenile offences
  4. Adult trial procedures for all serious offences regardless of age
polity hard fill_blank

Freedom of expression under Article 19(1)(a) is subject to reasonable restrictions under Article 19(2) for hate speech, and courts apply ______ test to balance free speech with prevention of discrimination, violence against marginalized groups.

  1. Wednesbury
  2. proportionality
  3. rational basis
  4. strict scrutiny
polity hard mcq

In balancing right to privacy under Article 21 with employer interests, courts apply proportionality test to workplace surveillance. Which surveillance practice would likely FAIL proportionality test?

  1. CCTV in common areas for security with notice to employees
  2. Continuous monitoring of employee emails without legitimate business purpose or notice
  3. Biometric attendance system with data protection safeguards
  4. Performance monitoring software with transparency and employee consent
polity hard fill_blank

In Indra Sawhney case (1992), the Supreme Court laid down 50% ceiling on total reservation, but held this ceiling can be exceeded in extraordinary situations reflecting ______ of a particular State or region.

  1. economic prosperity
  2. extraordinary backwardness
  3. political pressure
  4. administrative convenience
polity hard mcq

In death penalty cases, the Supreme Court applies the 'rarest of rare' doctrine and requires consideration of aggravating/mitigating circumstances. Which factor is NOT typically considered a mitigating circumstance?

  1. Young age of accused at time of offence
  2. Mental illness or intellectual disability
  3. Heinous nature of crime with premeditation
  4. Possibility of reformation and rehabilitation
polity hard mcq

In Jarnail Singh v. Lachhmi Narain Gupta (2018), the Supreme Court extended the 'creamy layer' concept to reservation in promotions for SCs/STs, holding that:

  1. Creamy layer exclusion violates constitutional scheme for SCs/STs
  2. Creamy layer exclusion applies to SCs/STs in promotions to ensure benefits reach neediest, but State need not collect quantifiable data on backwardness
  3. Creamy layer exclusion applies only to OBCs, not SCs/STs
  4. Creamy layer exclusion is optional for States to implement
polity hard fill_blank

The Supreme Court has interpreted Article 21 to require protection from custodial torture, with guidelines including medical examination of arrestees, recording of arrest details, and production before magistrate within ______ hours to prevent abuse and ensure accountability.

  1. 12
  2. 24
  3. 48
  4. 72
polity hard true_false

Freedom of association under Article 19(1)(c) includes right to form political parties, subject to reasonable restrictions under Article 19(4) for sovereignty, integrity, public order, and courts apply proportionality test to balance party autonomy with electoral integrity.

  1. True
  2. False
polity hard mcq

In balancing right to health under Article 21 with intellectual property rights, the Supreme Court has applied which principle to allow compulsory licensing of life-saving drugs to ensure affordability while respecting patent rights?

  1. Absolute priority to patent rights
  2. Proportionality balancing public health needs with innovation incentives
  3. Complete abolition of pharmaceutical patents
  4. Deference to international trade agreements without domestic scrutiny
polity hard fill_blank

In Davinder Singh case (2024), the Supreme Court held that States can create sub-classifications within SC reservation to ensure equitable distribution of benefits, provided the classification is based on ______ data showing backwardness and inadequacy of representation.

  1. anecdotal
  2. quantifiable
  3. political
  4. historical
polity hard true_false

The Supreme Court has interpreted Article 21 to include reproductive rights, including access to safe abortion, contraception, and maternal healthcare, recognizing that reproductive autonomy is intrinsic to dignity, privacy, and liberty.

  1. True
  2. False
polity hard mcq

Freedom to practice any profession under Article 19(1)(g) is subject to reasonable restrictions under Article 19(6) in public interest. Which restriction would likely FAIL the proportionality test?

  1. Licensing requirements for medical practitioners to ensure competence
  2. Complete ban on private coaching institutes without evidence of harm
  3. Environmental regulations for industries to prevent pollution
  4. Zoning laws for commercial establishments in residential areas
polity hard fill_blank

In National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) v. Union of India (2014), the Supreme Court recognized transgender persons as a third gender under Article 21, affirming their right to self-identify gender and directing reservation in education/employment to address historical ______.

  1. privilege
  2. discrimination
  3. advantage
  4. neutrality
polity hard true_false

The 103rd Constitutional Amendment (2019) added economic criteria as basis for reservation under Articles 15(6) and 16(6) for EWS among forward castes, and the Supreme Court upheld this in Janhit Abhiyan (2022) holding economic disadvantage can be basis for affirmative action alongside social/educational backwardness.

  1. True
  2. False
polity hard mcq

The Mental Healthcare Act, 2017 operationalizes right to mental healthcare under Article 21 by recognizing mental illness, ensuring access to treatment, and protecting rights of persons with mental illness. Which right was NOT explicitly recognized under this Act?

  1. Right to access mental healthcare and treatment
  2. Right to live with dignity and free from abuse
  3. Right to refuse treatment in all circumstances without exception
  4. Right to community living and family support
polity hard fill_blank

Freedom of press under Article 19(1)(a) is subject to reasonable restrictions under Article 19(2), and courts apply ______ test to balance media freedom with legitimate state interests like defamation, public order, and national security.

  1. Wednesbury
  2. proportionality
  3. rational basis
  4. strict scrutiny
polity hard true_false

Emerging jurisprudence on gig economy workers (e.g., ride-hailing, food delivery) interprets Article 21 to require social security, fair wages, and grievance redressal, recognizing that livelihood rights extend to non-traditional employment relationships.

  1. True
  2. False