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The 103rd Constitutional Amendment (2019) added economic criteria as basis for reservation under Articles 15(6) and 16(6) for EWS among forward castes, and the Supreme Court upheld this in Janhit Abhiyan (2022) holding economic disadvantage can be basis for affirmative action alongside social/educational backwardness.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Economic criteria in affirmative action: (a) 103rd Amendment (2019): Inserted Articles 15(6), 16(6) enabling 10% reservation for EWS among forward castes (not covered under Articles 15(4), 16(4)), (b) Janhit Abhiyan (2022): 3:2 majority upheld amendment: (i) Economic criteria valid for classification under Article 14: Intelligible differentia (economic disadvantage), rational nexus (remedying economic inequality), (ii) 50% ceiling (Indra Sawhney) not inflexible: Can be exceeded for extraordinary situations, compelling reasons, (iii) Exclusion of SC/ST/OBC permissible: They already have separate reservations; EWS quota for forward castes addresses distinct disadvantage, (c) Applications: (i) Implementation: States identify EWS based on income (<₹8 lakh/year), landholding, residential criteria, (ii) Challenges: Verification of economic criteria, awareness among eligible groups, capacity for implementation, (d) Broader principle: Substantive equality requires addressing multiple dimensions of disadvantage (social, economic); calibrated affirmative action balances group justice with individual merit, (e) Illustrates adaptive equality jurisprudence: Article 14 interpreted to permit economic criteria for reservation; proportionality ensures measures rational, necessary, balanced.