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The network architecture that uses programmable data planes for custom packet processing is called ________ Networking.
Answer: P4 / Programmable
P4 (Programming Protocol-Independent Packet Processors) enables custom packet processing logic in switches/routers. Supports innovation in telemetry, security, and traffic engineering. Critical for next-gen network research questions.
Which technique enables querying encrypted databases without decrypting the data?
- Searchable Encryption
- Homomorphic Encryption
- Tokenization
- Both A and B
Answer: Both A and B
Searchable Encryption enables keyword search on ciphertext; Homomorphic Encryption enables computation on encrypted data. Both preserve privacy while enabling functionality. Critical for confidential cloud computing questions.
Which protocol enables segment routing for traffic engineering in modern networks?
- OSPF
- BGP
- SR-MPLS / SRv6
- RIP
Answer: SR-MPLS / SRv6
Segment Routing (SR-MPLS, SRv6) encodes path instructions in packet headers, enabling flexible traffic engineering without per-flow state. Critical for scalable, programmable networks. Important for advanced networking questions.
The cryptographic technique that allows computation on encrypted data without decryption is called ________ Encryption.
Answer: Homomorphic
Homomorphic Encryption enables processing ciphertext, producing encrypted results that decrypt to correct output. Critical for privacy-preserving cloud analytics, secure voting, and confidential AI. Still computationally intensive but advancing.
Which CERT-In direction mandates reporting of cybersecurity incidents within 6 hours?
- Direction 12
- Direction 20
- Direction 44
- Direction 66
Answer: Direction 20
CERT-In Direction 20 (April 2022) requires service providers to report cyber incidents within 6 hours, maintain logs for 180 days, and synchronize clocks with National Time Server. Critical for incident response compliance questions.
Which Web3 technology enables decentralized ownership and transfer of digital assets?
- Cloud Storage
- Blockchain/NFTs
- Centralized Databases
- APIs
Answer: Blockchain/NFTs
Blockchain with NFTs (Non-Fungible Tokens) enables verifiable digital ownership, provenance tracking, and peer-to-peer transfers without intermediaries. Applications: art, gaming, identity, supply chain. Critical for understanding Web3 and digital economy questions.
Which standard defines decentralized identifiers (DIDs) for self-sovereign digital identity?
- OAuth 2.0
- W3C DID Specification
- SAML
- OpenID Connect
Answer: W3C DID Specification
W3C DID Specification enables users to create/own identifiers without central authorities. DIDs resolve to DID Documents containing public keys and service endpoints. Foundation for portable, privacy-preserving identity in Web3 and metaverse. Critical for digital identity standards questions.
Which attack exploits race conditions in software to gain unauthorized privileges?
- Buffer Overflow
- Time-of-Check-Time-of-Use
- SQL Injection
- Cross-Site Scripting
Answer: Time-of-Check-Time-of-Use
TOCTOU attacks exploit window between permission check and resource use, allowing privilege escalation or data corruption. Mitigation: atomic operations, locking, and careful design. Critical for secure coding and system security questions.
Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) lithography uses 13.5nm wavelength light for patterning sub-7nm features.
- True
- False
Answer: True
EUV lithography (ASML) enables single-patterning of sub-7nm features vs multi-patterning with DUV. Challenges: light source power, mask defects, resist sensitivity. Critical technology for leading-edge chips; India monitors for future capability development.
Which attack exploits trust in SSL/TLS certificates to intercept encrypted communications?
- Man-in-the-Middle
- SSL Stripping
- Certificate Pinning Bypass
- All of these
Answer: All of these
MITM attacks intercept communications; SSL stripping downgrades HTTPS to HTTP; certificate pinning bypass tricks apps into accepting fake certs. Defenses: HSTS, certificate transparency, pinning. Critical for understanding web security threats in banking/UPSC exams.
Materials that change properties in response to external stimuli like temperature or stress are called ________ Materials.
Answer: Smart / Responsive
Smart materials (piezoelectrics, shape-memory alloys, electrochromics) respond to stimuli: mechanical stress, temperature, electric/magnetic fields. Applications: sensors, actuators, adaptive structures. India researches at DRDO, IITs. Critical for advanced materials and IoT questions.
Which metric measures the total energy a battery can deliver over its lifetime?
- Energy Density
- Power Density
- Cycle Life
- Lifetime Energy Throughput
Answer: Lifetime Energy Throughput
Lifetime Energy Throughput = Nominal Capacity × Cycle Life × Depth of Discharge. Critical for comparing storage economics: high-throughput batteries (LFP, flow) suit frequent cycling; high-energy-density (NMC) suit weight-sensitive applications. Essential for energy storage planning questions.
The transistor architecture that wraps the gate around the channel for better control at small nodes is called ________ Transistor.
Answer: Gate-All-Around / GAA
GAA (Gate-All-Around) transistors (MBCFET, Nanosheet) surround channel with gate on all sides, improving electrostatic control vs FinFET at sub-3nm nodes. Enables continued scaling per Moore's Law. Critical for understanding semiconductor innovation roadmap questions.
Which process node represents the current cutting-edge in commercial semiconductor manufacturing as of 2026?
- 7nm
- 5nm
- 3nm
- 2nm
Answer: 3nm
As of 2026, 3nm process node is in high-volume production (TSMC, Samsung) for flagship mobile and HPC chips. 2nm is in risk production with GAA transistors. India's semiconductor mission targets mature nodes (28nm-65nm) initially for strategic autonomy. Critical for understanding tech competitiveness questions.
The security framework that classifies data based on sensitivity and applies controls accordingly is called Data ________.
Answer: Classification
Data Classification categorizes data (Public, Internal, Confidential, Restricted) to apply appropriate security controls: encryption, access restrictions, retention policies. Foundation of data protection programs. Critical for compliance (DPDP, GDPR) and information security questions.
Which pattern enables gradual rollout of new features to a subset of users for testing?
- Blue-Green Deployment
- Canary Release
- Feature Toggles
- A/B Testing
Answer: Canary Release
Canary Release deploys new version to small user subset (canary group), monitors metrics, and gradually expands if stable. Reduces risk vs big-bang releases. Implemented via service mesh, load balancers, or feature flags. Critical for safe deployment strategies.
Which attack exploits speculative execution vulnerabilities in CPUs to leak sensitive data?
- Meltdown/Spectre
- Rowhammer
- BlueBorne
- Log4Shell
Answer: Meltdown/Spectre
Meltdown/Spectre (2018) exploit CPU speculative execution and cache side-channels to read kernel memory or other processes' data. Mitigated via microcode updates, OS patches, and compiler fixes. Highlights hardware-level security challenges. Critical for system security questions.
Which CERT-In direction mandates synchronization of IT system clocks with National Time Server?
- Direction 12
- Direction 20
- Direction 44
- Direction 66
Answer: Direction 20
CERT-In Direction 20 (April 2022) requires service providers to synchronize ICT system clocks with NIC's National Time Server for accurate incident timeline correlation. Also mandates 6-hour incident reporting and 180-day log retention. Critical for cybersecurity compliance questions.
Deception technology uses honeypots and decoys to detect and study attacker behavior.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Deception technology deploys realistic fake assets (servers, credentials, data) to lure attackers, enabling early detection, threat intelligence, and reduced dwell time. Complements prevention/detection controls. Used in enterprise security and critical infrastructure protection. Important for advanced cybersecurity questions.
Which data format is most efficient for columnar storage and analytics workloads?
- CSV
- JSON
- Parquet
- XML
Answer: Parquet
Parquet is a columnar storage format optimized for analytics: efficient compression, predicate pushdown, and schema evolution. Reduces I/O by reading only required columns. Used in Spark, Hive, Presto. CSV/JSON are row-oriented; XML is verbose. Critical for big data engineering questions.