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Which CBDC feature enables automatic tax withholding on transactions?
- Smart Contracts
- Programmable Money
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
Programmable CBDC with smart contracts can automate tax collection at point of transaction, reducing compliance burden and evasion. Requires careful design to balance efficiency with privacy and user control.
Which principle ensures carbon credits represent emission reductions that wouldn't have occurred otherwise?
- Additionality
- Permanence
- Leakage Prevention
- All of these
Answer: Additionality
Additionality requires proving project emissions reductions are beyond business-as-usual scenario. Critical for carbon market integrity: prevents crediting actions that would happen anyway. Verified through baseline methodologies.
Which propulsion technology enables efficient deep space missions with continuous low-thrust?
- Chemical Rockets
- Ion Propulsion
- Nuclear Thermal
- Solar Sails
Answer: Ion Propulsion
Ion thrusters use electric fields to accelerate ions, providing high specific impulse (fuel efficiency) with low thrust. Ideal for deep space missions: Dawn, BepiColombo. ISRO developing electric propulsion for future missions.
Hash-based signatures like SPHINCS+ are considered quantum-resistant but have larger signature sizes.
- True
- False
Answer: True
SPHINCS+ (NIST PQC standard) uses hash functions believed quantum-resistant. Trade-off: larger signatures (~8-49 KB) vs classical ECDSA (~64 bytes). Critical for bandwidth-constrained applications.
Which cryptographic primitive enables confidential transactions in privacy-focused cryptocurrencies?
- Ring Signatures
- Bulletproofs
- Confidential Transactions
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Privacy techniques: Ring signatures obscure sender; Bulletproofs provide efficient range proofs; Confidential Transactions hide amounts using Pedersen commitments. Balance privacy with regulatory compliance.
Lattice-based cryptography is considered resistant to both classical and quantum attacks.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Lattice-based schemes (CRYSTALS-Kyber, Dilithium) rely on hardness of lattice problems believed resistant to quantum algorithms. Selected by NIST for PQC standardization. Critical for future-proofing cryptographic systems.
Which CBDC feature enables programmable subsidies with usage restrictions?
- Smart Contracts
- Time-Locked Tokens
- Geofenced Spending
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Programmable CBDC enables conditional payments: subsidies usable only for specific goods/services, time-bound benefits, location-restricted spending. Balances policy objectives with user autonomy and privacy.
The cryptographic technique that allows verification of statements without revealing underlying data is called Zero-________ Proofs.
Answer: Knowledge
Zero-Knowledge Proofs enable proving knowledge of a secret without revealing it. Applications: privacy-preserving authentication, confidential transactions, secure voting. Critical for next-gen privacy technologies.
Which framework provides guidelines for AI risk management in organizations?
- NIST AI RMF
- ISO/IEC 23894
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
NIST AI Risk Management Framework and ISO/IEC 23894 provide structured approaches to identify, assess, and mitigate AI risks: bias, security, safety, privacy. Critical for enterprise AI governance.
Which regulatory approach treats crypto assets based on their economic function rather than technology?
- Technology-Neutral Regulation
- Substance-Over-Form
- Risk-Based Supervision
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Modern crypto regulation focuses on economic substance: payment tokens, security tokens, utility tokens regulated based on function. Avoids technology lock-in and adapts to innovation. Critical for policy design questions.
Which CBDC architecture enables programmable money with conditional payments?
- Account-based
- Token-based
- Smart Contract-enabled
- All of these
Answer: Smart Contract-enabled
Smart contract-enabled CBDC allows conditional payments: escrow, subsidies with usage restrictions, automated tax collection. Requires careful design to balance flexibility with privacy and monetary policy control.
Which standard verifies carbon offset projects for credibility and additionality?
- Gold Standard
- Verra VCS
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
Gold Standard and Verra's Verified Carbon Standard (VCS) certify offset projects: renewable energy, forestry, methane capture. Ensure real, measurable, additional emission reductions. Critical for carbon market integrity.
Which international agreement governs activities on the Moon and other celestial bodies?
- Outer Space Treaty
- Moon Agreement
- Artemis Accords
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Outer Space Treaty (1967) establishes foundational principles; Moon Agreement (1979) addresses resource use (limited ratification); Artemis Accords (2020) promote peaceful lunar exploration. India signed Artemis Accords.
Quantum supremacy means quantum computers can solve all practical problems faster than classical computers.
- True
- False
Answer: False
Quantum supremacy (Google 2019) demonstrated solving a specific contrived problem faster than classical supercomputers. It does NOT mean universal superiority. Most practical problems still favor classical computers.
The measure of how long a qubit maintains quantum state before decoherence is called ________ Time.
Answer: Coherence
Coherence time (T1 for energy relaxation, T2 for phase decoherence) determines how many quantum operations can be performed before errors dominate. Longer coherence enables more complex algorithms.
Which cryptographic approach is being standardized by NIST to resist quantum attacks?
- Lattice-based
- Code-based
- Multivariate
- All of these
Answer: All of these
NIST PQC standardization includes: CRYSTALS-Kyber (lattice-based KEM), CRYSTALS-Dilithium (lattice signatures), SPHINCS+ (hash-based). India's CERT-In and DRDO actively research PQC adoption.
The quantum algorithm that threatens RSA encryption by factoring large integers efficiently is ________ Algorithm.
Answer: Shor's
Shor's Algorithm factors integers in polynomial time on quantum computers, breaking RSA which relies on factoring difficulty. Requires fault-tolerant quantum computers not yet available. Critical for post-quantum cryptography planning.
Which regulation requires impact assessments for high-risk AI systems in the EU?
- GDPR
- AI Act
- Digital Services Act
- Data Governance Act
Answer: AI Act
EU AI Act (2024) mandates Fundamental Rights Impact Assessments for high-risk AI: hiring, credit scoring, law enforcement. India monitors global developments for domestic policy alignment.
Which technique helps explain AI model predictions to non-technical stakeholders?
- Feature Importance
- LIME/SHAP
- Model Cards
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Explainable AI (XAI) techniques: Feature Importance ranks input influence; LIME/SHAP provide local explanations; Model Cards document model purpose, performance, limitations. Critical for trust and regulatory compliance.
Which privacy technique enables statistical analysis without accessing individual records?
- Differential Privacy
- Federated Learning
- Secure Multi-Party Computation
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Differential Privacy adds noise to aggregates; Federated Learning trains models on-device; SMPC computes jointly without sharing inputs. All enable privacy-preserving analytics. Critical for confidential data science questions.