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The computing paradigm that uses quantum mechanical phenomena for solving optimization problems is called ________ Annealing.
Answer: Quantum
Quantum annealing uses quantum tunneling to find global minima in optimization landscapes. Suitable for logistics, finance, machine learning. Different from gate-based quantum computing.
The technique that reconstructs sensitive attributes from model predictions is called Model ________ Attack.
Answer: Inversion
Model inversion exploits model outputs to infer sensitive training data attributes. Critical privacy risk for ML systems handling personal data.
Which DeFi protocol enables automated market making without order books?
- Uniswap
- Aave
- Compound
- MakerDAO
Answer: Uniswap
Uniswap uses automated market maker (AMM) model with liquidity pools instead of order books. Enables permissionless token trading with constant product formula.
Which computing paradigm mimics brain architecture for energy-efficient AI processing?
- Quantum Computing
- Neuromorphic Computing
- Optical Computing
- Analog Computing
Answer: Neuromorphic Computing
Neuromorphic chips (Intel Loihi, IBM TrueNorth) use spiking neural networks and event-driven processing for orders-of-magnitude better energy efficiency than GPUs for AI tasks.
Which quantum algorithm threatens RSA encryption by factoring large integers efficiently?
- Grover's Algorithm
- Shor's Algorithm
- Quantum Fourier Transform
- Variational Quantum Eigensolver
Answer: Shor's Algorithm
Shor's Algorithm factors integers in polynomial time on quantum computers, breaking RSA which relies on factoring difficulty. Requires fault-tolerant quantum computers not yet available.
The technique that adds calibrated noise to model outputs to prevent membership inference is called ________ Privacy.
Answer: Differential
Differential Privacy mathematically guarantees that model outputs don't reveal whether specific individuals were in training data. Critical for privacy-preserving ML deployment.
Which attack manipulates ML model inputs to cause misclassification while appearing normal to humans?
- Data Poisoning
- Adversarial Examples
- Model Inversion
- Membership Inference
Answer: Adversarial Examples
Adversarial examples add imperceptible perturbations to inputs that cause ML models to misclassify. Critical vulnerability for computer vision, NLP systems requiring robust defenses.
Which cryptographic technique ensures that a message has not been altered during transmission?
- Encryption
- Hashing
- Digital Signature
- Both B and C
Answer: Both B and C
Hashing (e.g., SHA-256) generates fixed-size digest to detect changes; any modification alters the hash. Digital Signatures combine hashing with asymmetric encryption to also verify sender identity and provide non-repudiation. Both ensure integrity; signatures add authentication and legal validity.
Which technology uses distributed sensors to monitor structural health of bridges and buildings?
- IoT
- Blockchain
- VR
- 3D Printing
Answer: IoT
IoT sensors (strain gauges, accelerometers, temperature) embedded in infrastructure monitor stress, vibrations, and environmental conditions in real-time. Data analytics predict maintenance needs and prevent failures. Critical for smart cities, disaster resilience, and extending asset lifespan with predictive maintenance.
A security model that defines how subjects access objects in a system is called ________ Model.
Answer: Access Control
Access Control Models define policies for subject-object interactions: DAC (owner-controlled), MAC (system-enforced labels), RBAC (role-based permissions), ABAC (attribute-based rules). Critical for enforcing least privilege and compliance in enterprise systems. Implemented via IAM solutions and directory services.
Which AI technique is used for detecting anomalies in network traffic for cybersecurity?
- Supervised Learning
- Unsupervised Learning
- Reinforcement Learning
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Anomaly detection uses: Supervised Learning (trained on labeled attacks), Unsupervised Learning (clustering normal vs abnormal patterns), and Reinforcement Learning (adaptive response to threats). Combined approaches improve detection of zero-day attacks and reduce false positives in SIEM systems.
Which encryption standard is recommended by NIST for securing classified information?
- DES
- 3DES
- AES-256
- RC4
Answer: AES-256
AES-256 (Advanced Encryption Standard with 256-bit key) is approved by NIST for top-secret information. Provides strong security against brute-force attacks. DES/3DES are deprecated; RC4 has known vulnerabilities. AES is efficient in both hardware and software implementations.
The technique that enables LLMs to reason about visual inputs by combining vision and language models is called ________ Learning.
Answer: Multimodal
Multimodal models (CLIP, LLaVA) process text, images, audio jointly, enabling visual question answering, image captioning, and cross-modal retrieval.
Which technique enables LLMs to generate code by learning from programming language corpora?
- Fine-tuning
- Code LLMs
- Prompt Engineering
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Code LLMs (Codex, CodeLlama) trained on code repositories enable natural language to code generation. Combined with fine-tuning and prompt engineering for developer productivity tools.
Which pattern enables event-driven communication between microservices using message brokers?
- REST APIs
- gRPC
- Event-Driven Architecture
- Monolithic
Answer: Event-Driven Architecture
Event-driven architecture uses message brokers for asynchronous, decoupled service communication. Enables scalability, resilience, real-time processing.
Which blockchain application enables automated execution of agreements when predefined conditions are met?
- Digital Identity
- Smart Contracts
- Tokenization
- Consensus Algorithms
Answer: Smart Contracts
Smart contracts are self-executing programs stored on blockchain that automatically enforce terms when conditions are satisfied. Used in DeFi, supply chain, insurance.
Which standard provides guidelines for software security testing and vulnerability assessment?
- OWASP ASVS
- ISO 27034
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
OWASP Application Security Verification Standard (ASVS) and ISO 27034 provide frameworks for secure software development, testing, and vulnerability management.
Which disaster recovery strategy maintains fully operational standby in another region?
- Backup and Restore
- Pilot Light
- Warm Standby
- Multi-Site Active-Active
Answer: Multi-Site Active-Active
Active-active runs full workload in multiple regions simultaneously, enabling instant failover with zero RPO/RTO. Highest cost but maximum resilience. Critical for mission-critical systems.
Which technique handles high-dimensional sparse data efficiently?
- Dimensionality Reduction
- Sparse Representations
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
High-dimensional handling: dimensionality reduction (PCA, autoencoders) compresses features; sparse representations (L1 regularization) select relevant features. Critical for text, recommendation systems.
The technique that enables LLMs to generate code by learning from programming language corpora is called Code ________.
Answer: LLM / Generation
Code LLMs (Codex, CodeLlama) trained on code repositories enable natural language to code generation, debugging, and documentation. Critical for developer productivity tools.