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The process of reusing EV batteries for stationary storage after automotive life is called ________ Life.
Answer: Second
Second-life batteries (retired EV packs at 70-80% capacity) are repurposed for stationary storage (solar backup, grid services), extending value and reducing waste. Requires testing, repackaging, and BMS adaptation. Critical for circular economy and sustainability questions.
The technology that enables precise satellite positioning for navigation is called Global ________ System.
Answer: Navigation Satellite
GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) includes GPS (USA), GLONASS (Russia), Galileo (EU), BeiDou (China), and NavIC (India). Provides positioning, navigation, timing for civil/military applications. Critical for geospatial technology and strategic autonomy questions.
The framework that provides standardized methodology for penetration testing is called ________ Testing Execution Standard.
Answer: PTES
PTES (Penetration Testing Execution Standard) defines phases: pre-engagement, intelligence gathering, threat modeling, vulnerability analysis, exploitation, post-exploitation, reporting. Ensures consistent, comprehensive security assessments. Critical for professional cybersecurity practice questions.
The process of adding impurities to silicon to modify its electrical properties is called ________.
Answer: Doping
Doping introduces controlled impurities (phosphorus for n-type, boron for p-type) to create PN junctions, transistors, and diodes. Foundation of semiconductor device physics. Critical for understanding chip functionality and manufacturing questions.
Materials that change properties in response to external stimuli like temperature or stress are called ________ Materials.
Answer: Smart / Responsive
Smart materials (piezoelectrics, shape-memory alloys, electrochromics) respond to stimuli: mechanical stress, temperature, electric/magnetic fields. Applications: sensors, actuators, adaptive structures. India researches at DRDO, IITs. Critical for advanced materials and IoT questions.
The technology that stores energy by compressing air in underground caverns is called ________ Storage.
Answer: Compressed Air Energy / CAES
CAES stores energy by compressing air during low demand, releasing through turbines during peak. Adiabatic CAES recovers compression heat for higher efficiency. Suitable for large-scale, long-duration storage. India explores CAES for renewable integration. Critical for grid-scale storage questions.
The Indian regulatory body for authorizing private space activities is called ________.
Answer: IN-SPACe
IN-SPACe (Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Centre) is single-window regulator for private sector space activities: licensing, facilitation, technology transfer. Established under DOS to implement space policy reforms. Critical for understanding India's space governance framework.
The technique of testing web applications for vulnerabilities like SQL injection and XSS is called ________ Testing.
Answer: Web Application / DAST
Web Application Penetration Testing (DAST - Dynamic Application Security Testing) identifies vulnerabilities: SQL injection, XSS, CSRF, auth flaws. Tools: Burp Suite, OWASP ZAP. Critical for securing digital services and compliance with security standards in banking/government exams.
The transistor architecture that wraps the gate around the channel for better control at small nodes is called ________ Transistor.
Answer: Gate-All-Around / GAA
GAA (Gate-All-Around) transistors (MBCFET, Nanosheet) surround channel with gate on all sides, improving electrostatic control vs FinFET at sub-3nm nodes. Enables continued scaling per Moore's Law. Critical for understanding semiconductor innovation roadmap questions.
The two-dimensional carbon material with exceptional strength and conductivity is called ________.
Answer: Graphene
Graphene is a single-atom-thick layer of carbon atoms in hexagonal lattice. Properties: 200x stronger than steel, excellent electrical/thermal conductivity, flexible. Applications: electronics, composites, energy storage, sensors. India has research initiatives at IITs and C-MET. Critical for materials science questions.
The security framework that classifies data based on sensitivity and applies controls accordingly is called Data ________.
Answer: Classification
Data Classification categorizes data (Public, Internal, Confidential, Restricted) to apply appropriate security controls: encryption, access restrictions, retention policies. Foundation of data protection programs. Critical for compliance (DPDP, GDPR) and information security questions.
The Kubernetes component that schedules pods onto nodes based on resource requirements is called ________.
Answer: kube-scheduler
kube-scheduler assigns pods to nodes based on resource requests, constraints (node selectors, taints), and policies. Works with kubelet (node agent) and API server. Critical for understanding Kubernetes control plane architecture in cloud exams.
The technology that enables querying data directly in object storage without loading into a database is called ________ Query.
Answer: Serverless / Athena
Serverless query engines (AWS Athena, Google BigQuery) enable SQL queries directly on data in object storage (S3, GCS) using schema-on-read. Eliminates ETL for ad-hoc analysis. Pay-per-query pricing. Critical for modern data lake architecture questions.
The practice of intentionally injecting failures to test system resilience is called ________ Engineering.
Answer: Chaos
Chaos Engineering (Netflix Chaos Monkey) proactively tests system resilience by injecting failures (network latency, instance termination) in controlled experiments. Builds confidence in fault tolerance. Requires monitoring, blast radius limits, and automated rollback. Critical for SRE practices.
The regulatory framework for digital lending in India is issued by ________.
Answer: RBI
RBI's Digital Lending Guidelines (2022) regulate: entity eligibility (banks/NBFCs only), direct fund flow, standardized disclosures, cooling-off period, and grievance redressal. Aims to protect consumers from predatory apps and data misuse. Critical for fintech compliance questions.
The security approach of validating every request as if it originates from an untrusted network is called ________ Security.
Answer: Zero Trust
Zero Trust Security assumes breach and verifies every request regardless of source. Implements: identity verification, least privilege, micro-segmentation, and continuous monitoring. Contrasts with perimeter-based 'castle-and-moat' model. Critical for modern enterprise security architecture.
The pattern of packaging application code with dependencies into a lightweight, portable unit is called ________.
Answer: Containerization
Containerization (Docker, containerd) packages apps with runtime, libraries, and config into isolated, portable containers. Enables consistent deployment across environments. Contrasts with VMs (heavier, OS-level isolation). Foundation of cloud-native architecture. Critical for modern deployment questions.
The process of extracting, transforming, and loading data from sources to a destination is called ________.
Answer: ETL
ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) is foundational data integration process: extract from sources, transform (clean, enrich, aggregate), load to target (warehouse, lake). Modern variants: ELT (load first, transform later) for cloud data platforms. Critical for data pipeline questions.
The practice of monitoring system metrics, logs, and traces to ensure reliability is called ________.
Answer: Observability
Observability enables understanding system internal state from external outputs: metrics (Prometheus), logs (ELK), traces (Jaeger). Goes beyond monitoring by enabling debugging of unknown issues. Critical for SRE practices and cloud operations questions in technical exams.
The Indian regulatory body responsible for overseeing digital payment systems is ________.
Answer: RBI
Reserve Bank of India (RBI) regulates payment systems under Payment and Settlement Systems Act 2007. Oversees UPI, cards, wallets, PPIs, and fintech innovations. Issues guidelines for security, interoperability, and consumer protection. Critical for banking and fintech policy questions.