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During Financial Emergency under Article 360, the President can issue directions to States to observe canons of financial ______.
- austerity
- propriety
- transparency
- accountability
Answer: propriety
Article 360(3): During Financial Emergency, President may issue directions to States: (a) observe canons of financial propriety, (b) reduce salaries of government servants including HC Judges, (c) reserve Money Bills for Presidential consideration. Never invoked in India. Designed to protect national financial stability.
Article 343 declares Hindi in Devanagari script as the official language of Union, but English continues for official purposes for a period of ______ years from commencement of Constitution.
- 10
- 15
- 20
- 25
Answer: 15
Article 343(2): English to continue for 15 years (till 1965) for official Union purposes. Official Languages Act, 1963 extended English indefinitely alongside Hindi. Article 345 allows States to adopt official language(s). Article 346 provides for language for communication between States and with Union. Balances national integration with linguistic diversity.
The GST Council, which makes recommendations on GST issues, is chaired by the ______ and includes Union Finance Minister and State Finance Ministers.
- Prime Minister
- President
- Union Finance Minister
- Chief Justice
Answer: Union Finance Minister
Article 279A (inserted by 101st Amendment, 2016): GST Council chaired by Union Finance Minister; members include Union Minister of State for Finance + State Finance Ministers. Decisions by 3/4 majority: Centre has 1/3 vote weight, States collectively 2/3. Exemplifies cooperative federalism in fiscal matters.
Under Article 275, Parliament can make grants-in-aid to States which are in need of assistance, charged on the ______ Fund of India.
- Contingency
- Public Account
- Consolidated
- Relief
Answer: Consolidated
Article 275: Parliament may make statutory grants-in-aid to States in need, charged on Consolidated Fund of India (not subject to annual vote). Includes specific grants for welfare of STs, improvement of administration in Assam, etc. Distinct from Article 282 grants (for public purpose, discretionary).
Under Article 262, Parliament can by law provide for adjudication of disputes relating to waters of inter-State rivers, and such law can exclude jurisdiction of ______.
- Parliament
- President
- Supreme Court
- High Courts
Answer: Supreme Court
Article 262(2): Parliament may by law exclude jurisdiction of Supreme Court or any other court over inter-State water disputes. Inter-State Water Disputes Act, 1956 establishes tribunals whose awards have same force as Supreme Court orders. Recent amendment (2019) makes tribunal awards final and binding.
If a State law on Concurrent List conflicts with a Union law, the ______ law shall prevail, unless the State law has received Presidential assent.
- State
- Union
- older
- newer
Answer: Union
Article 254(1): In case of repugnancy between Union and State law on Concurrent List, Union law prevails. Exception under Article 254(2): If State law reserved for President's consideration and receives assent, it prevails in that State (but Parliament can still override by subsequent law).
The voting age was reduced from 21 to 18 years by the ______ Constitutional Amendment Act, 1988.
Answer: 61st
The 61st Constitutional Amendment Act, 1988 amended Article 326 to reduce the voting age for Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assembly elections from 21 to 18 years. This was aimed at empowering youth and increasing democratic participation. It came into effect in 1989.
The Constituent Assembly first met on ______, 1946.
Answer: December 9
The Constituent Assembly of India held its first meeting on December 9, 1946, in the Constitution Hall (now Central Hall of Parliament). Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha was the temporary Chairman. The Assembly later elected Dr. Rajendra Prasad as its permanent President.
The Right to Education under Article 21A is available to children in the age group of ______ years.
Answer: 6 to 14
Article 21A, inserted by the 86th Amendment Act, 2002, makes education a Fundamental Right for children aged 6 to 14 years. The State is obligated to provide free and compulsory education to this age group. This was operationalized through the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act, 2009.
As per Article 343, the official language of the Union shall be ______ in Devanagari script.
Answer: Hindi
Article 343(1) states: 'The official language of the Union shall be Hindi in Devanagari script.' However, Article 343(2) allowed English to continue for official purposes for 15 years from commencement of Constitution (i.e., till 1965). The Official Languages Act, 1963 extended the use of English indefinitely for certain purposes.
The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India is appointed by the ______ and can be removed only in the manner similar to a ______.
Answer: President, Supreme Court Judge
The CAG is appointed by the President under Article 148. For removal, Article 148(1) states that the CAG can be removed only on the grounds and in the manner provided for the removal of a Supreme Court Judge (i.e., by Presidential order after an address by both Houses of Parliament supported by special majority on grounds of proved misbehavior or incapacity).
There are currently ______ Fundamental Duties listed in Article 51A of the Indian Constitution.
Answer: 11
Originally, the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976 added 10 Fundamental Duties. The 86th Amendment Act, 2002 added the 11th duty: 'to provide opportunities for education to his child or ward between the age of six and fourteen years'. These duties are moral obligations for citizens but are not legally enforceable.
The Constitution of India was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on ______.
Answer: November 26, 1949
The Constitution was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on November 26, 1949, and came into force on January 26, 1950. November 26 is celebrated as Constitution Day (Samvidhan Divas) in India since 2015 to honor Dr. Ambedkar's contribution.
The Finance Commission is constituted by the President under Article ______ of the Constitution.
Answer: 280
Article 280 provides for the constitution of a Finance Commission by the President every five years (or earlier). The Commission recommends the distribution of tax revenues between the Union and States, and among States themselves, and principles governing grants-in-aid to States.
The Constituent Assembly of India took ______ years, ______ months, and ______ days to draft the Constitution.
Answer: 2, 11, 18
The Constituent Assembly took 2 years, 11 months, and 18 days to complete the drafting of the Constitution. It first met on December 9, 1946, and the Constitution was adopted on November 26, 1949 (celebrated as Constitution Day), coming into force on January 26, 1950.
The Right to Education for children aged 6-14 years was made a Fundamental Right by the ______ Amendment Act, 2002.
Answer: 86th
The 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002 inserted Article 21A, making education a Fundamental Right for children aged 6-14 years. It also added a Fundamental Duty under Article 51A(k) for parents/guardians to provide educational opportunities to their children in this age group.
Article ______ of the Indian Constitution abolishes 'Untouchability' and forbids its practice in any form.
Answer: 17
Article 17 abolishes untouchability and makes its practice in any form a punishable offence. The Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955 (formerly Untouchability Offences Act, 1955) provides penalties for enforcing disabilities arising from untouchability.
The maximum strength of the Lok Sabha as per the Constitution is ______ members.
Answer: 552
Article 80 specifies that the Lok Sabha can have a maximum of 552 members: 530 from States, 20 from Union Territories, and 2 nominated Anglo-Indian members (though the Anglo-Indian nomination was removed by the 104th Amendment Act, 2019). Currently, the strength is 543 elected members.
The words 'Socialist', 'Secular', and 'Integrity' were added to the Preamble by the ______ Amendment Act, 1976.
Answer: 42nd
The 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976, often called the 'Mini-Constitution', added three words to the Preamble: Socialist, Secular, and Integrity. This amendment was enacted during the Emergency period under Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. [[3]][[10]]