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Quantum key distribution (QKD) ensures secure communication based on the principles of quantum ________.
- Entanglement
- Superposition
- Uncertainty
- All of these
Answer: All of these
QKD (e.g., BB84 protocol) uses quantum properties: any eavesdropping disturbs quantum states (uncertainty), detectable by legitimate users. Enables theoretically unbreakable encryption. India's National Quantum Mission supports R&D. [[DST Reports]]
Supercritical ________ is used as a green solvent for decaffeination and dry cleaning.
- Water
- Ethanol
- CO₂
- Methane
Answer: CO₂
Supercritical CO₂ (above 31°C, 73 atm) has gas-like diffusivity and liquid-like solvation power. Non-toxic, non-flammable, easily separable. Embodies green chemistry principles. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
India's Digital Personal Data Protection Act was enacted in the year ________.
- 2021
- 2022
- 2023
- 2024
Answer: 2023
DPDP Act 2023 establishes framework for processing personal data, emphasizing consent, purpose limitation, data principal rights. Aligns with global standards while addressing Indian context. [[MeitY Reports]]
The Smart Cities Mission in India focuses on developing urban areas with ________ infrastructure and digital solutions.
- Traditional
- Sustainable
- Industrial
- Rural
Answer: Sustainable
Smart Cities Mission (2015) promotes area-based development with sustainable mobility, water/energy efficiency, ICT integration, and citizen participation. 100 cities selected across India. [[MoHUA Reports]]
Oncogenes are mutated versions of normal cellular genes called ________ that promote cell growth.
- Tumor suppressors
- Proto-oncogenes
- Apoptosis genes
- DNA repair genes
Answer: Proto-oncogenes
Proto-oncogenes regulate cell division; mutations (point, amplification, translocation) convert them to oncogenes (e.g., RAS, MYC), driving uncontrolled proliferation. Key concept in carcinogenesis. [[NCERT Biology Class 12]]
Nuclear fusion research in India is primarily conducted at the Institute for ________ Research in Gandhinagar.
- Plasma
- Nuclear
- Atomic
- Space
Answer: Plasma
Institute for Plasma Research (IPR), Gandhinagar, leads India's fusion program (ADITYA-U tokamak, SST-1). Aims for clean, abundant energy via replicating stellar processes. [[DST Reports, NCERT Physics Class 12]]
Cyclic voltammetry is used to study the ________ properties of electroactive species.
- Thermal
- Optical
- Redox
- Mechanical
Answer: Redox
Cyclic voltammetry applies triangular potential waveform to electrode, measuring current response. Reveals redox potentials, reaction mechanisms, electron transfer kinetics. Key tool in electrochemistry research. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
In IoT, MQTT is a lightweight ________ protocol designed for low-bandwidth, high-latency networks.
- Transport
- Application
- Network
- Data link
Answer: Application
MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) uses publish-subscribe model for efficient machine-to-machine communication. Ideal for sensor networks, smart homes, industrial IoT. [[MeitY Guidelines]]
Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF) emphasizes the use of ________ and microbial cultures instead of chemical inputs.
- Chemical fertilizers
- Pesticides
- Cow dung and urine
- Hybrid seeds
Answer: Cow dung and urine
ZBNF (Subhash Palekar) uses Jeevamrut (microbial culture), Bijamrita (seed treatment), Mulching, and Waaphasa (soil aeration) to enhance soil health and reduce costs. Promoted in several Indian states. [[MoA Reports]]
Base editing, a derivative of CRISPR, allows direct conversion of one DNA base to another without causing ________.
- Mutations
- Double-strand breaks
- Deletions
- Insertions
Answer: Double-strand breaks
Base editors (e.g., cytosine/adenine base editors) chemically convert C→T or A→G without DSBs, reducing unintended indels. Safer for therapeutic genome editing. [[DBT Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]
The Higgs boson, discovered at CERN in 2012, is associated with the mechanism that gives particles ________.
- Charge
- Spin
- Mass
- Color
Answer: Mass
Higgs field interacts with particles via Higgs mechanism, endowing them with mass. Discovery confirmed Standard Model prediction. Nobel Prize in Physics 2013. [[NCERT Physics Class 12]]
Density Functional Theory (DFT) is a quantum mechanical method used to investigate the ________ structure of many-body systems.
- Nuclear
- Electronic
- Molecular
- Atomic
Answer: Electronic
DFT calculates electronic structure (energy, orbitals) of atoms, molecules, solids using electron density instead of wavefunctions. Widely used in materials design, catalysis, drug discovery. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
Edge computing processes data near the ________ rather than in a centralized cloud.
- Server
- Source
- Database
- User
Answer: Source
Edge computing reduces latency and bandwidth by processing data at/near IoT devices (sensors, phones). Critical for real-time applications: autonomous vehicles, industrial automation. [[MeitY Reports]]
Incineration of municipal solid waste primarily produces energy in the form of ________.
- Biogas
- Electricity
- Hydrogen
- Ethanol
Answer: Electricity
Waste incineration burns MSW to generate steam, driving turbines for electricity. Reduces landfill volume but requires emission controls. Part of integrated waste management. [[MoEFCC Guidelines]]
DNA methylation typically occurs at ________ dinucleotide sites and generally represses gene expression.
- AT
- GC
- CG
- TA
Answer: CG
CpG islands (CG dinucleotides) are common methylation sites. Methyl groups added to cytosine by DNMT enzymes silence genes. Epigenetic changes influence development, disease, and inheritance. [[NCERT Biology Class 12]]
Graphene is a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a ________ lattice.
- Cubic
- Hexagonal
- Tetragonal
- Orthorhombic
Answer: Hexagonal
Graphene's 2D honeycomb lattice gives exceptional strength, conductivity, and flexibility. Applications: flexible electronics, composites, sensors. Nobel Prize in Physics 2010. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 11, DST Reports]]
Biodegradable polymers like PLA (Polylactic Acid) are derived from renewable resources such as ________.
- Petroleum
- Corn starch
- Coal
- Natural gas
Answer: Corn starch
PLA is synthesized from lactic acid produced by fermenting corn starch/sugarcane. Degrades to CO₂ and water under composting conditions. Sustainable alternative to conventional plastics. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
Geostationary satellites orbit at approximately ________ km above Earth's equator.
- 360
- 3600
- 36000
- 360000
Answer: 36000
Geostationary orbit (GEO) at ~35,786 km altitude matches Earth's rotation period (24h), so satellite appears fixed. Used for TV broadcasting, weather monitoring, communication. [[ISRO Reports, NCERT Physics Class 11]]
Reverse osmosis (RO) membranes remove dissolved salts by applying pressure greater than the ________ pressure.
- Atmospheric
- Osmotic
- Vapor
- Hydrostatic
Answer: Osmotic
RO forces water through semi-permeable membrane against osmotic gradient, rejecting ions/molecules. Widely used for desalination and water purification. [[CPCB Guidelines, NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
mRNA vaccines work by delivering genetic instructions for cells to produce a viral ________ protein.
- Envelope
- Spike
- Capsid
- Matrix
Answer: Spike
mRNA vaccines (e.g., COVID-19) encode the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. Cells produce it, triggering immune response without live virus. Platform enables rapid vaccine development. [[ICMR, MoHFW Guidelines]]