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Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) reveals ________ heterogeneity within tissues that bulk sequencing masks.
- Genetic
- Transcriptional
- Epigenetic
- Proteomic
Answer: Transcriptional
scRNA-seq profiles gene expression in individual cells, identifying rare cell types, developmental trajectories, disease subpopulations. Revolutionized immunology, neuroscience, cancer research. [[DBT Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]
Federated learning trains AI models across decentralized devices while keeping data ________.
- Centralized
- Encrypted
- Local
- Anonymized
Answer: Local
Federated learning: model updates (not raw data) are shared from edge devices to central server. Preserves privacy, reduces bandwidth; used in healthcare (hospital data), mobile keyboards, IoT. Key for GDPR/DPDP-compliant AI. [[MeitY Reports]]
Vanadium redox flow batteries store energy in liquid electrolytes containing ________ ions that undergo reversible redox reactions.
- Lithium
- Sodium
- Vanadium
- Zinc
Answer: Vanadium
VRFBs use V²⁺/V³⁺ (negative) and VO²⁺/VO₂⁺ (positive) couples in separate tanks. Power (stack size) and energy (tank volume) decoupled; ideal for grid-scale storage with long cycle life. [[MNRE Reports, NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
Restoring wetlands for flood control and carbon sequestration is an example of a ________ solution to climate change.
- Technological
- Nature-based
- Policy-based
- Financial
Answer: Nature-based
Nature-based Solutions (NbS) use ecosystems to address societal challenges: mangroves for coastal protection, forests for carbon sinks, urban green spaces for heat mitigation. Cost-effective, co-benefits for biodiversity. [[MoEFCC, UNEP Reports]]
Metamaterials derive unusual properties (e.g., negative refraction) from their ________ rather than chemical composition.
- Atomic structure
- Crystal lattice
- Engineered microstructure
- Molecular bonds
Answer: Engineered microstructure
Metamaterials have sub-wavelength structures designed to manipulate EM waves in ways natural materials cannot. Applications: superlenses, cloaking, compact antennas. Active research area in photonics and acoustics. [[NCERT Physics Class 12, DST Reports]]
Gene drives use CRISPR to bias inheritance, increasing the frequency of a trait in a population. They are being researched for controlling ________ vectors.
- Bacterial
- Viral
- Mosquito
- Fungal
Answer: Mosquito
Gene drives could spread malaria-resistance genes or suppress Anopheles populations. High potential but raises ecological/ethical concerns. Strict biosafety protocols under DBT guidelines govern research in India. [[DBT Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]
6G networks are envisioned to integrate communication with ________ for immersive experiences.
- Sensing
- Computing
- AI
- All of these
Answer: All of these
6G (2030+) aims for convergence of communication, sensing, computing, and AI: holographic telepresence, tactile internet, ubiquitous intelligence. Requires breakthroughs in THz tech, materials, energy efficiency. [[TRAI, MeitY Reports]]
Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) in mRNA vaccines protect the mRNA and facilitate its entry into cells via ________.
- Diffusion
- Endocytosis
- Osmosis
- Active transport
Answer: Endocytosis
LNPs fuse with cell membranes or are internalized via endocytosis; endosomal escape releases mRNA into cytoplasm for translation. Key innovation enabling mRNA vaccine efficacy and stability. [[ICMR Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]
Atomic clocks used in GPS satellites rely on the hyperfine transition of ________ atoms for precise timekeeping.
- Hydrogen
- Cesium
- Rubidium
- Strontium
Answer: Cesium
Cesium-133 hyperfine transition (9,192,631,770 Hz) defines the SI second. Atomic clocks enable GPS positioning accuracy (~5-10 m). Next-gen optical clocks (Sr, Yb) promise 100x improvement. [[NCERT Physics Class 11, ISRO Reports]]
Neuromorphic chips mimic the human brain's architecture using ________ to process information efficiently.
- Transistors
- Memristors
- Capacitors
- Inductors
Answer: Memristors
Memristors (memory resistors) emulate synaptic plasticity, enabling low-power, parallel processing for AI tasks. Applications: edge AI, robotics, brain-machine interfaces. India's National Mission on Interdisciplinary Cyber-Physical Systems supports R&D. [[MeitY, DST Reports]]
India's Long-Term Low-Emission Development Strategy (LT-LEDS) targets net-zero emissions by the year ________.
- 2050
- 2060
- 2070
- 2080
Answer: 2070
India announced net-zero by 2070 at COP26 (2021), with interim targets: 500 GW non-fossil capacity, 50% renewable energy, 1 billion tonne CO₂ reduction by 2030. Balanced approach considering development needs. [[MoEFCC, NITI Aayog Reports]]
Organoids are 3D miniaturized versions of organs grown from ________ cells that mimic key structural and functional properties.
- Prokaryotic
- Stem
- Epithelial
- Blood
Answer: Stem
Organoids derived from pluripotent or adult stem cells self-organize into tissue-like structures. Used for disease modeling (e.g., brain, gut, liver), drug screening, and personalized medicine. Ethical alternative to animal testing. [[DBT Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]
AlphaFold, developed by DeepMind, uses deep learning to predict the ________ structure of proteins.
- Primary
- Secondary
- Tertiary
- Quaternary
Answer: Tertiary
AlphaFold predicts 3D protein structures from amino acid sequences with atomic accuracy, revolutionizing structural biology. Critical for rational drug design, understanding disease mechanisms, and enzyme engineering. [[DBT Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]
The Bhopal gas tragedy (1984) involved the release of ________ gas from a pesticide plant.
- Chlorine
- Phosgene
- Methyl isocyanate
- Ammonia
Answer: Methyl isocyanate
MIC (CH₃NCO) leak from Union Carbide plant caused one of the world's worst industrial disasters. Led to strengthened environmental regulations, disaster management protocols, and corporate accountability norms in India. [[MoEFCC Reports]]
BharatNet aims to provide high-speed broadband connectivity to all ________ in India.
- Cities
- Towns
- Gram Panchayats
- Districts
Answer: Gram Panchayats
BharatNet (formerly NOFN) is the world's largest rural broadband project, connecting ~2.5 lakh Gram Panchayats via optical fiber. Enables e-governance, telemedicine, education in rural India. [[MeitY Reports]]
Atal Bhujal Yojana focuses on sustainable management of ________ water through community participation.
- Surface
- Ground
- Rain
- Desalinated
Answer: Ground
Atal Bhujal Yojana (2020) is a World Bank-assisted scheme for participatory groundwater management in water-stressed areas. Aims to improve water security and livelihoods. [[Jal Shakti Ministry Reports]]
The Ayushman Bharat scheme provides health coverage of up to ₹________ per family per year for secondary and tertiary care.
- 2 lakh
- 5 lakh
- 10 lakh
- 15 lakh
Answer: 5 lakh
Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY) offers ₹5 lakh annual coverage for ~50 crore beneficiaries. World's largest government-funded healthcare program. [[NHA, MoHFW Reports]]
The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-2030) focuses on reducing disaster risk through ________ approaches.
- Reactive
- Preventive
- Curative
- Compensatory
Answer: Preventive
Sendai Framework emphasizes proactive risk reduction: understanding risk, strengthening governance, investing in resilience, enhancing preparedness. India aligns national policies with its targets. [[NDMA, UNDRR Reports]]
Zeolites are microporous, aluminosilicate minerals used as ________ catalysts in petroleum refining.
- Homogeneous
- Heterogeneous
- Enzymatic
- Photocatalytic
Answer: Heterogeneous
Zeolites (e.g., ZSM-5) have shape-selective pores for catalytic cracking, isomerization. Solid acid catalysts easily separated from products. Critical for clean fuel production. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
Drones in agriculture are used for crop monitoring, spraying, and collecting ________ data.
- Soil
- Weather
- Multispectral
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Agricultural drones equipped with multispectral sensors assess crop health (NDVI), soil moisture, pest infestation. Enable precision application of inputs, optimizing yield and sustainability. [[MoA Reports, ISRO]]