True/False – GK Questions

Gut microbes train immune cells, produce vitamins (K, B12), ferment fiber to SCFAs. Dysbiosis linked to obesity, IBD, mental health. Probiotics/prebiotics modulate microbiome. [[ICMR Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]

Perovskite PV cells (hybrid organic-inorganic) offer high efficiency, low cost, and flexibility. Challenges: stability, scalability. India's National Solar Mission supports R&D in next-gen PV. [[MNRE Reports]]

Supramolecular chemistry studies molecular assemblies via hydrogen bonds, van der Waals, π-π interactions. Applications: drug delivery, sensors, molecular machines (Nobel 2016). [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]

Deep learning models (e.g., CNNs) analyze medical images with accuracy comparable to specialists. India's AI for All strategy promotes such applications for affordable healthcare. [[NITI Aayog, MoHFW Reports]]

Circular economy contrasts linear 'take-make-dispose' model. Principles: design out waste, keep materials in use, regenerate natural systems. India's Resource Efficiency Strategy promotes this. [[NITI Aayog Reports]]

iPSCs (Yamanaka, 2006) are generated by introducing transcription factors (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc) into adult cells. Avoid ethical issues of embryonic stem cells; used in regenerative medicine. [[DBT Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]

Quantum dots (semiconductor nanocrystals) emit different colors based on size: smaller dots emit blue, larger emit red. Used in displays, bioimaging, solar cells. [[NCERT Physics Class 12, DST Reports]]

NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) exploits nuclear spin in magnetic fields; radiofrequency pulses induce resonance. Used for molecular structure determination in chemistry and medicine (MRI). [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]

6G (expected ~2030) aims for THz frequencies (0.1-10 THz), enabling ultra-high data rates, holographic communication, and AI-native networks. Research ongoing globally. [[TRAI, MeitY Reports]]

Launched in 2023, the mission targets 5 MMT annual green hydrogen production, reducing fossil fuel dependence and carbon emissions. Supports energy security and climate goals. [[MNRE Reports, NITI Aayog]]

mAbs are homogeneous antibodies targeting a single epitope, produced via hybridoma technology. Used in cancer therapy (e.g., Trastuzumab), diagnostics, and autoimmune diseases. [[NCERT Biology Class 12, ICMR Reports]]

LASER produces coherent, monochromatic, directional light via stimulated emission. Applications: surgery, communication, barcode scanners, LIDAR. Fundamental modern physics concept. [[NCERT Physics Class 12]]

Atom economy = (MW of desired product / MW of all reactants) × 100. High atom economy minimizes waste, aligning with green chemistry principles for sustainable synthesis. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 11, MoEFCC Guidelines]]

Dead Cas9 (dCas9) fused with activators/repressors can regulate gene expression without DNA cleavage (CRISPRa/i). Standard Cas9 cuts DNA for editing. This versatility expands therapeutic applications. [[DBT Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]

Ribosomes (80S in eukaryotes, 70S in prokaryotes) translate mRNA into polypeptide chains. Found free in cytoplasm or bound to ER. Fundamental cell biology. [[NCERT Biology Class 11]]

Δx·Δp ≥ h/4π: fundamental limit in quantum mechanics, not due to measurement errors. Highlights probabilistic nature of microscopic world. [[NCERT Physics Class 12]]

AI trained on biased data may discriminate in hiring, lending, policing. Ethical AI requires fairness, transparency, accountability. Emerging topic for governance sections. [[NITI Aayog Principles for Responsible AI]]

t₁/₂ = 0.693/k for first-order reactions. Unlike zero/second-order, it doesn't depend on [A]₀. Useful for radioactive decay calculations. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]

All birds lay eggs (oviparous). No viviparous birds exist. Contrast with mammals where most are viviparous except monotremes. Basic zoology fact. [[NCERT Biology Class 11]]

Plane mirrors form virtual, erect, same-size images behind the mirror. Real images can be projected on screen; virtual cannot. Fundamental ray optics concept. [[NCERT Physics Class 10]]