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The National Green Tribunal (NGT) has the power to hear civil cases under environmental laws and provide relief and compensation.
- True
- False
Answer: True
NGT is a specialized judicial body for expeditious disposal of environmental cases, with powers akin to a civil court for evidence and procedure.
The Supreme Court of India has interpreted the Right to Life under Article 21 to include the right to a wholesome environment.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Judicial activism has expanded Article 21 to encompass environmental rights, making pollution-free air and water part of the fundamental right to life.
The 3R principle in waste management stands for Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle.
- True
- False
Answer: True
The 3Rs prioritize waste prevention (Reduce), extending product life (Reuse), and processing materials for new products (Recycle).
E-waste contains valuable metals like gold and copper but also hazardous substances like lead and mercury.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Proper e-waste recycling recovers precious metals while preventing toxic substances from contaminating soil and water.
Composting is a biological process that converts organic waste into nutrient-rich soil conditioner.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Composting uses microorganisms to decompose organic matter aerobically, producing compost that improves soil fertility and structure.
Lead poisoning in children can cause irreversible neurological damage and developmental delays.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Lead exposure, even at low levels, impairs cognitive development, reduces IQ, and causes behavioral problems in children.
Fluorosis is a health condition caused by excessive intake of fluoride through drinking water.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Chronic fluoride exposure causes dental fluorosis (tooth discoloration) and skeletal fluorosis (bone/joint damage), prevalent in parts of India.
Long-term exposure to high levels of particulate matter (PM2.5) can lead to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Fine particles penetrate deep into lungs and bloodstream, causing asthma, bronchitis, heart attacks, and premature death.
The Sundarbans mangrove forest is the largest contiguous mangrove ecosystem in the world.
- True
- False
Answer: True
The Sundarbans, spanning India and Bangladesh, covers about 10,000 sq km and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and Ramsar site.
Ocean acidification, caused by absorption of excess CO2, threatens marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells or skeletons.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Lower pH reduces carbonate ion availability, making it harder for corals, mollusks, and plankton to build and maintain shells/skeletons.
Mangroves act as natural buffers against coastal erosion and storm surges.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Mangrove root systems stabilize shorelines, reduce wave energy, and protect inland areas from cyclones and tsunamis.
Environmental Monitoring is conducted only before project implementation as part of the EIA process.
- True
- False
Answer: False
Environmental monitoring occurs before (baseline), during (construction), and after (operation) project implementation to ensure compliance and impact management.
Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is applied at the policy, plan, or programme level rather than individual projects.
- True
- False
Answer: True
SEA integrates environmental considerations into higher-level decision-making, complementing project-level EIA for sustainable development.
Public hearing is a mandatory component of the Environmental Impact Assessment process for most Category A projects in India.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Public consultation, including public hearings, allows affected communities to voice concerns and is required for most large projects under EIA rules.
Mulching helps in conserving soil moisture and suppressing weed growth.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Mulch (organic or inorganic material) covers soil surface, reducing evaporation, moderating temperature, and inhibiting weed germination.
Salinization of soil occurs primarily due to excessive irrigation in arid regions without proper drainage.
- True
- False
Answer: True
In arid areas, evaporation concentrates salts in the root zone; poor drainage prevents salt leaching, leading to soil salinization and reduced fertility.
Terrace farming is a soil conservation technique used on hilly slopes to reduce water runoff.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Terracing creates stepped levels on slopes, slowing water flow, reducing erosion, and retaining soil moisture for cultivation.
The Ganga Action Plan was launched in 1986 to reduce pollution in the River Ganga.
- True
- False
Answer: True
GAP Phase-I was launched in 1986 to intercept, divert, and treat domestic sewage and industrial effluents entering the Ganga.
The term 'Virtual Water' refers to the hidden flow of water embedded in the production and trade of goods and services.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Virtual water represents the water used to produce commodities; trading such goods effectively transfers water resources between regions.
Rainwater harvesting helps in recharging groundwater and reducing surface runoff.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Rainwater harvesting captures and stores rain for direct use or groundwater recharge, reducing water scarcity and flood risks.