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Which migration strategy involves re-architecting applications for cloud-native patterns?
- Rehost
- Replatform
- Refactor
- Repurchase
Answer: Refactor
Refactor (re-architect) redesigns applications for cloud-native: microservices, serverless, containers. Maximizes cloud benefits but requires significant effort. Critical for digital transformation.
Which pattern enables applications to run across multiple cloud providers for resilience?
- Multi-Cloud
- Hybrid Cloud
- Cloud Bursting
- All of these
Answer: Multi-Cloud
Multi-cloud architecture distributes workloads across AWS, Azure, GCP to avoid vendor lock-in, improve resilience, and leverage best-of-breed services. Critical for enterprise cloud strategy.
Which framework standardizes incident response phases: preparation, detection, containment, eradication, recovery?
- NIST SP 800-61
- ISO 27035
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
NIST SP 800-61 and ISO 27035 provide structured incident response methodologies. Critical for consistent, effective handling of security incidents in enterprises.
Which SOC component correlates alerts from multiple sources to identify advanced threats?
- SIEM
- SOAR
- EDR
- All of these
Answer: SIEM
SIEM (Security Information and Event Management) aggregates logs, correlates events, and detects anomalies across network, endpoint, and application sources. Foundation for modern SOC operations.
Which platform component manages ML model deployment and serving at scale?
- Feature Store
- Model Registry
- Serving Infrastructure
- All of these
Answer: All of these
MLOps platforms integrate: feature stores for consistent data, model registries for versioning, serving infrastructure for scalable inference. Critical for production ML system reliability.
Which technique enables LLMs to execute code or use external tools for complex tasks?
- Function Calling
- Tool Use
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
Function calling/tool use enables LLMs to invoke APIs, run code, query databases for tasks beyond text generation. Critical for building agentic AI systems that interact with real-world systems.
Which practice ensures ML models are continuously monitored and retrained in production?
- CI/CD
- Model Drift Detection
- A/B Testing
- All of these
Answer: All of these
MLOps combines: CI/CD for automated deployment, drift detection for performance monitoring, A/B testing for validation. Critical for maintaining ML system reliability and business value over time.
Which method reduces LLM hallucinations by grounding responses in retrieved external knowledge?
- Fine-tuning
- RAG
- Prompt Engineering
- All of these
Answer: RAG
Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) combines LLMs with external knowledge retrieval, reducing hallucinations by grounding responses in verified sources. Critical for factual accuracy in enterprise AI applications.
Which architecture forms the foundation of modern Large Language Models like GPT and LLaMA?
- CNN
- RNN
- Transformer
- LSTM
Answer: Transformer
Transformer architecture (Vaswani et al., 2017) uses self-attention mechanisms to process sequences in parallel, enabling scaling to billions of parameters. Foundation for GPT, BERT, LLaMA, and other LLMs. Critical for understanding modern AI systems.
Which of the following is NOT a function of an operating system?
- Memory Management
- File System Management
- Compiling Source Code
- Process Scheduling
Answer: Compiling Source Code
Compiling source code is performed by compiler software (like GCC, javac), not the OS. OS functions include: process management, memory management, file system management, device management, security, and user interface. Compilers are application/system software that run ON the OS.
Which technology enables computers to interpret and make decisions based on visual inputs like images and videos?
- NLP
- Computer Vision
- Speech Recognition
- Robotics
Answer: Computer Vision
Computer Vision enables machines to interpret and understand visual information from the world using cameras and AI algorithms. Applications include facial recognition, medical imaging analysis, autonomous vehicles, quality inspection, and augmented reality. Combines deep learning, image processing, and pattern recognition.
Which ISRO center is responsible for developing launch vehicles?
- VSSC
- URSC
- LPSC
- ISAC
Answer: VSSC
VSSC (Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre), Thiruvananthapuram, is ISRO's lead center for launch vehicle development including PSLV, GSLV, and LVM3. URSC handles satellites, LPSC develops propulsion systems, ISAC integrates satellites. ISRO has multiple specialized centers across India.
Which normal form eliminates transitive dependencies in database design?
- 1NF
- 2NF
- 3NF
- BCNF
Answer: 3NF
Third Normal Form (3NF) requires that a table is in 2NF and has no transitive dependencies (non-key attributes depending on other non-key attributes). This reduces redundancy and update anomalies. BCNF is a stricter version of 3NF handling certain edge cases in dependency relationships.
Which technology allows multiple users to share the same frequency band by assigning unique codes?
- FDMA
- TDMA
- CDMA
- OFDMA
Answer: CDMA
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) allows multiple users to transmit simultaneously on same frequency by assigning unique spreading codes. Used in 3G networks. FDMA divides frequency, TDMA divides time slots, OFDMA (used in 4G/5G) combines frequency and time division with orthogonal subcarriers.
Which key combination is commonly used to copy selected text in Windows?
- Ctrl+V
- Ctrl+X
- Ctrl+C
- Ctrl+Z
Answer: Ctrl+C
Ctrl+C copies selected content to clipboard. Ctrl+V pastes, Ctrl+X cuts (copy+delete), Ctrl+Z undoes last action. These keyboard shortcuts improve productivity across Windows applications. Mac uses Command (⌘) key instead of Ctrl for similar functions.
Which NPCI initiative enables bill payments across multiple categories through a single platform?
- UPI
- BBPS
- AePS
- IMPS
Answer: BBPS
BBPS (Bharat Bill Payment System) is an integrated bill payment platform by NPCI that enables customers to pay recurring bills (electricity, water, gas, DTH, telecom) through multiple channels (online, bank branches, BCs, CSCs). Offers interoperability, instant confirmation, and grievance redressal.
What is the name of ISRO's reusable launch vehicle technology demonstrator?
- RLV-TD
- GSLV-F12
- PSLV-C56
- SSLV-D3
Answer: RLV-TD
RLV-TD (Reusable Launch Vehicle - Technology Demonstrator) is ISRO's project to develop cost-effective access to space through reusable rocket technology. It tests hypersonic flight, autonomous landing, and powered cruise flight. Successful tests bring India closer to fully reusable launch systems.
Which technology uses distributed ledger to record transactions across multiple computers?
- Cloud Computing
- Blockchain
- Edge Computing
- Quantum Computing
Answer: Blockchain
Blockchain is a decentralized, distributed ledger technology where transactions are recorded across multiple nodes, making it tamper-resistant and transparent. Beyond cryptocurrencies, it's used in supply chain, voting, identity management, and smart contracts. Key features: immutability, consensus, cryptography.
Which attack exploits vulnerabilities in software by injecting malicious SQL code through input fields?
- XSS
- SQL Injection
- Buffer Overflow
- CSRF
Answer: SQL Injection
SQL Injection occurs when attackers insert malicious SQL statements into input fields to manipulate database queries. Can lead to data theft, deletion, or unauthorized access. Prevention: use parameterized queries, input validation, ORM frameworks, and least-privilege database accounts.
Which frequency band is primarily used for 4G LTE services in India?
- 700 MHz
- 1800 MHz
- 26 GHz
- 60 GHz
Answer: 1800 MHz
India's 4G LTE services primarily use 1800 MHz (Band 3) and 2300 MHz (Band 40) spectrum. 700 MHz is being rolled out for better rural coverage. 26 GHz and 60 GHz are mmWave bands considered for future 5G enhancements, not current 4G deployments.