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Which technology enables confidential CBDC transactions while allowing regulatory audit?
- Zero-Knowledge Proofs
- Homomorphic Encryption
- Secure Multi-Party Computation
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Privacy-enhancing technologies: ZK-proofs verify without revealing data; homomorphic encryption enables computation on ciphertext; SMPC allows joint processing. Balance privacy with regulatory oversight.
Which regulatory approach treats crypto assets based on their economic function rather than underlying technology?
- Technology-Neutral Regulation
- Substance-Over-Form Principle
- Risk-Based Supervision
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Modern crypto regulation focuses on economic substance: payment tokens, security tokens, utility tokens regulated by function. Avoids technology lock-in and adapts to innovation. Critical for policy design.
Which Indian provision requires crypto exchanges to maintain records for 5 years?
- PMLA Rules
- IT Act
- SEBI Guidelines
- RBI Directions
Answer: PMLA Rules
PMLA rules require VASPs to maintain KYC records, transaction logs, and audit trails for 5 years. Enables regulatory oversight, investigation, and compliance verification. Critical for operational requirements.
Which CBDC feature enables automatic compliance with transaction limits and reporting?
- Programmable Rules
- Smart Contracts
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
Programmable CBDC with embedded rules can enforce AML limits, reporting thresholds, and policy conditions automatically. Enhances compliance efficiency while requiring careful privacy design.
Which standard verifies that carbon offset projects deliver additional emission reductions?
- Additionality Assessment
- Baseline Methodology
- Third-party Verification
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Carbon credit integrity requires: additionality proof (beyond business-as-usual), robust baseline setting, independent verification. Standards: Verra, Gold Standard ensure methodological rigor for credible offsets.
Which practice extends hardware lifespan to reduce electronic waste?
- Modular Design
- Repairability Standards
- Software Optimization
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Sustainable hardware: modular design enables component upgrades; repairability standards ensure spare parts availability; software optimization reduces need for hardware replacement. Critical for circular economy.
Which technology enables real-time monitoring of methane emissions from oil/gas infrastructure?
- Satellite Remote Sensing
- Drone-based Sensors
- Ground-based Detectors
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Methane monitoring combines: satellite (GHGSat, Sentinel), drones for targeted surveys, ground sensors for continuous monitoring. Critical for leak detection, regulatory compliance, and climate mitigation.
Which technology mitigates signal degradation due to atmospheric conditions in satellite links?
- Adaptive Coding and Modulation
- Diversity Reception
- Power Control
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Satellite link adaptation: ACM adjusts modulation/coding based on channel quality; diversity uses multiple paths; power control compensates fading. Critical for reliable broadband service in variable weather.
Which CBDC design choice impacts monetary policy transmission?
- Remuneration Rate
- Holding Limits
- Interoperability
- All of these
Answer: All of these
CBDC design affects monetary policy: remuneration influences deposit rates, holding limits prevent bank disintermediation, interoperability affects payment system dynamics. Critical for central bank digital currency planning.
Which privacy technique enables selective disclosure of transaction details in CBDC?
- Zero-Knowledge Proofs
- Ring Signatures
- Confidential Transactions
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Privacy-preserving CBDC: ZK-proofs verify without revealing data; ring signatures obscure sender; confidential transactions hide amounts. Balance user privacy with regulatory auditability requirements.
Which CBDC benefit enables faster cross-border payments compared to correspondent banking?
- Direct Central Bank Settlement
- 24/7 Operation
- Reduced Intermediaries
- All of these
Answer: All of these
CBDC cross-border: direct central bank-to-central bank settlement, operates 24/7, reduces correspondent layers. Critical for trade finance efficiency, remittance cost reduction, and financial inclusion.
Which framework classifies crypto assets based on economic function rather than technology?
- Technology-Neutral Approach
- Substance-Over-Form
- Risk-Based Regulation
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Modern crypto regulation focuses on economic substance: payment tokens, security tokens, utility tokens regulated by function. Avoids technology lock-in and adapts to innovation. Critical for policy design questions.
Which Indian provision imposes 1% TDS on cryptocurrency transactions?
- Section 194S
- Section 115BBH
- Section 43A
- Section 66
Answer: Section 194S
Section 194S (Income Tax Act) imposes 1% TDS on transfer of virtual digital assets above threshold. Aims to track transactions and ensure tax compliance. Critical for crypto tax reporting obligations.
Which CBDC feature enables offline transactions for areas with poor connectivity?
- Secure Element Hardware
- Delayed Synchronization
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
Offline CBDC uses secure hardware (SE/TEE) for local transaction storage, synchronizing when online. Critical for financial inclusion in rural/remote areas and disaster resilience. Requires robust security design.
Which mechanism prevents double counting of emission reductions between countries?
- Corresponding Adjustments
- Baseline Setting
- Third-party Verification
- All of these
Answer: Corresponding Adjustments
Corresponding adjustments under Article 6 ensure emission reductions transferred internationally are subtracted from seller's inventory and added to buyer's. Prevents double counting, maintains environmental integrity.
Which practice reduces cloud computing carbon footprint by selecting renewable-powered regions?
- Green Cloud Selection
- Carbon-Aware Scheduling
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
Green cloud strategies: choose regions with high renewable energy mix, schedule workloads when grid is cleanest. Tools: Cloud Carbon Footprint, AWS Customer Carbon Footprint Tool. Critical for sustainable IT operations.
Which technology enables precision irrigation to reduce water consumption in agriculture?
- Drip Irrigation
- Soil Moisture Sensors
- AI-based Scheduling
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Precision irrigation combines: drip systems for targeted delivery, IoT sensors for real-time soil data, AI for optimal scheduling. Reduces water use by 30-60% while maintaining yields. Critical for water-stressed regions.
Which ISRO center develops satellite communication payloads?
- VSSC
- URSC
- SAC
- LPSC
Answer: SAC
Space Applications Centre (SAC), Ahmedabad, develops communication, remote sensing, and navigation payloads for ISRO satellites. Critical for satellite technology indigenization and application development.
Which Indian authority oversees securities-like crypto tokens?
- RBI
- SEBI
- IRDAI
- PFRDA
Answer: SEBI
SEBI regulates crypto assets classified as securities (security tokens, certain NFTs). Framework evolving to address tokenization of real-world assets, investor protection, and market integrity.
Which technology enables confidential transactions by hiding amounts while proving validity?
- Ring Signatures
- Bulletproofs
- Confidential Transactions
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Privacy techniques: Ring signatures obscure sender; Bulletproofs provide efficient range proofs; Confidential Transactions hide amounts using Pedersen commitments. Balance privacy with regulatory auditability.