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Which pattern enables automatic scaling of resources based on demand metrics?
- Auto-scaling
- Load Balancing
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
Auto-scaling adjusts resource count based on CPU, memory, or custom metrics; load balancing distributes traffic across instances. Combined for elastic, resilient cloud applications.
Which tool automates vulnerability scanning and prioritization for remediation?
- Nessus
- Qualys
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
Vulnerability scanners (Nessus, Qualys, OpenVAS) identify security weaknesses, prioritize by risk, and track remediation. Critical for proactive security posture management.
Which practice detects when model performance degrades due to changing data distributions?
- Data Drift Detection
- Concept Drift Detection
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
Data drift: input feature distribution changes; concept drift: relationship between features and target changes. Monitoring both enables timely model retraining. Critical for production ML reliability.
Which technique enables LLMs to answer questions by retrieving relevant documents?
- Fine-tuning
- RAG
- Prompt Engineering
- All of these
Answer: RAG
Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) combines LLMs with vector database retrieval, grounding responses in verified sources. Reduces hallucinations and enables knowledge updates without retraining.
Which framework provides guidelines for interoperable digital identity systems globally?
- ISO/IEC 24760
- W3C DID
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
ISO/IEC 24760 provides identity management framework; W3C DID enables decentralized identifiers. Both support interoperable, privacy-preserving digital identity systems. Critical for identity policy questions.
Which initiative promotes open-source software for public sector digital transformation?
- Digital India
- FOSS Policy
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
Digital India encourages FOSS adoption for cost-effectiveness, security, and vendor independence. MeitY's FOSS policy provides guidelines for government use. Critical for sustainable digital governance.
Which technique handles class imbalance by generating synthetic minority samples?
- Undersampling
- Oversampling
- SMOTE
- Class Weighting
Answer: SMOTE
SMOTE (Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique) creates synthetic examples by interpolating between minority class neighbors. Improves classifier performance on imbalanced data vs simple oversampling.
Which visualization shows relationship between two continuous variables?
- Bar Chart
- Histogram
- Scatter Plot
- Pie Chart
Answer: Scatter Plot
Scatter plots display individual data points for two variables, revealing correlations, clusters, and outliers. Foundation for regression analysis and exploratory data science.
Which technique splits data into training, validation, and test sets to prevent overfitting?
- Cross-Validation
- Holdout Method
- Bootstrap
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Data splitting strategies: holdout (simple split), cross-validation (multiple folds), bootstrap (resampling). Critical for reliable model evaluation and generalization assessment.
Which architecture enables event-driven communication between microservices using message brokers?
- REST APIs
- gRPC
- Event-Driven Architecture
- Monolithic
Answer: Event-Driven Architecture
Event-driven architecture uses message brokers (Kafka, RabbitMQ) for asynchronous, decoupled service communication. Enables scalability, resilience, and real-time processing. Critical for modern distributed systems.
Which service model provides managed Kubernetes for container orchestration?
- IaaS
- PaaS
- CaaS
- SaaS
Answer: CaaS
CaaS (Container as a Service) provides managed Kubernetes (EKS, AKS, GKE) for container deployment, scaling, and management. Abstracts infrastructure while retaining control. Critical for cloud-native development.
Which technique enables automated analysis of malware behavior in isolated environments?
- Static Analysis
- Dynamic Analysis
- Sandboxing
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Malware analysis combines: static (code inspection), dynamic (runtime behavior), sandboxing (isolated execution). Critical for threat intelligence and incident response.
Which detection method identifies threats by analyzing behavior patterns rather than known signatures?
- Signature-based
- Anomaly-based
- Heuristic
- All of these
Answer: Anomaly-based
Anomaly detection establishes baselines of normal behavior and flags deviations, enabling zero-day threat detection. Critical for advanced threat protection in modern SOCs.
Which practice ensures ML models are tested for fairness and bias before deployment?
- Model Cards
- Fairness Audits
- A/B Testing
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Responsible MLOps: model cards document limitations, fairness audits detect bias across groups, A/B testing validates real-world impact. Critical for ethical AI deployment.
Which technique enables LLMs to learn from human feedback to align with preferences?
- Supervised Fine-Tuning
- RLHF
- Prompt Engineering
- All of these
Answer: RLHF
Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) trains reward models from human rankings, then optimizes LLM to maximize rewards. Critical for aligning AI with human values and safety.
Which principle ensures technology regulations adapt to innovation without stifling development?
- Technology Neutrality
- Proportionality
- Future-Proofing
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Effective tech policy: technology-neutral (focus on outcomes), proportionate to risks, adaptable to innovation. Balances consumer protection with innovation incentives. Critical for policy design.
Which body develops technical standards for telecommunications in India?
- TRAI
- TSDSI
- MeitY
- CERT-In
Answer: TSDSI
Telecommunications Standards Development Society, India (TSDSI) develops indigenous telecom standards, represents India in 3GPP, ITU. Critical for technology sovereignty and 5G/6G leadership.
Which method handles missing data by creating multiple plausible imputations?
- Mean Imputation
- Multiple Imputation
- Deletion
- Forward Fill
Answer: Multiple Imputation
Multiple imputation creates several completed datasets with different plausible values for missing data, analyzing each and combining results. Accounts for uncertainty vs single imputation methods.
Which technique reduces dataset dimensionality while preserving variance?
- Clustering
- PCA
- Regression
- Classification
Answer: PCA
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) transforms features into orthogonal components ordered by variance explained. Enables visualization, noise reduction, and faster model training.
Which visualization type is best for showing distribution of a continuous variable?
- Bar Chart
- Histogram
- Pie Chart
- Scatter Plot
Answer: Histogram
Histograms bin continuous data to show frequency distribution, revealing skewness, outliers, and modality. Critical for exploratory data analysis and statistical understanding.