Technology – Medium Level – GK Questions

CEH (Certified Ethical Hacker) by EC-Council validates skills in penetration testing, vulnerability assessment, and security tools. Valued for cybersecurity roles in government and enterprise. Critical for security career questions.

Circuit Breaker stops requests to failing services temporarily, allowing recovery. Prevents cascading failures in distributed systems. Implemented in resilience libraries. Critical for building fault-tolerant architectures.

NewSQL (CockroachDB, TiDB) provides ACID transactions, SQL compatibility, and horizontal scaling. Bridges gap between traditional RDBMS and NoSQL. Critical for modern database architecture questions.

O-RAN (Open Radio Access Network) Alliance promotes open interfaces, virtualization, and AI in mobile networks. Enables multi-vendor interoperability and innovation. India actively participates for strategic autonomy. Critical for telecom policy questions.

AI Ethics Officers govern responsible AI: bias mitigation, explainability, compliance. Growing demand in regulated sectors (finance, healthcare). Critical for emerging tech career questions.

Serverless (AWS Lambda, Azure Functions) abstracts infrastructure: auto-scaling, pay-per-execution. Trade-offs: cold starts, vendor lock-in. Critical for cost-optimized cloud development questions.

Graph databases (Neo4j, Amazon Neptune) store nodes/edges for relationships, enabling efficient traversal for social networks, fraud detection, recommendations. Critical for relationship-rich data questions.

NFV (Network Functions Virtualization) runs network services as software on standard servers, reducing cost and increasing flexibility vs proprietary hardware. Complements SDN for agile networks. Critical for telecom modernization questions.

Semiconductor diversification driven by: geopolitical tensions (US-China), demand surge (AI, EVs), and tech advancement (smaller nodes). India's semiconductor mission aligns with global reshoring trends. Critical for tech geopolitics questions.

Event-Driven Architecture uses events/messages for service communication via brokers (Kafka, RabbitMQ). Enables scalability, resilience, and real-time processing. Complements microservices. Critical for distributed systems design questions.

Vector databases (Pinecone, Milvus, Weaviate) store embeddings for similarity search in AI: recommendations, semantic search, RAG. Use approximate nearest neighbor algorithms for scalable retrieval. Critical for AI infrastructure questions.

SDN (Software-Defined Networking) centralizes control in software controllers, enabling dynamic traffic management, automation, and innovation. NFV virtualizes network functions. Critical for modern network architecture questions.

SISFS provides up to ₹20 lakh for proof of concept and ₹50 lakh for commercialization via incubators. Targets early-stage innovation-driven startups. Critical for entrepreneurship policy questions.

UMANG (Unified Mobile Application for New-age Governance) offers 1,200+ services: Aadhaar, PAN, EPFO, utilities, health. Multilingual, voice search, offline access. Critical for digital service delivery questions.

Cloud providers secure infrastructure ('security OF cloud'); customers secure data/apps ('security IN cloud'). Responsibilities vary by service model (IaaS/PaaS/SaaS). Critical for cloud governance and compliance questions.

DPDP Act Section 8(5) mandates technical/organizational measures: encryption, access controls, incident response. Aligns with global standards (GDPR). Critical for data protection compliance questions.

T-Hub (Telangana) is India's largest innovation campus, connecting startups with corporates, investors, and mentors. Supports deep tech, healthtech, and enterprise solutions. Critical for understanding India's startup infrastructure questions.

Income Tax e-Filing Portal enables online return submission, refund tracking, and compliance services. Integrated with Aadhaar, PAN, and pre-filled data. Critical for digital governance and taxpayer convenience questions.

Federated Learning trains models across devices/servers holding local data, sharing only model updates. Preserves privacy while enabling collaborative AI. Used in healthcare, finance, and mobile keyboards. Critical for privacy-preserving AI questions.

Zero Trust assumes breach and verifies identity, device health, and context for every request. Implements micro-segmentation, least privilege, and continuous monitoring. Critical for modern security architecture questions.