Technology – MCQ – GK Questions

Nmap (Network Mapper) scans networks for hosts, ports, services, and OS detection. Foundation for vulnerability assessment. Wireshark is packet analyzer; Metasploit is exploitation framework; John the Ripper is password cracker. Critical for cybersecurity tools knowledge in exams.

Lifetime Energy Throughput = Nominal Capacity × Cycle Life × Depth of Discharge. Critical for comparing storage economics: high-throughput batteries (LFP, flow) suit frequent cycling; high-energy-density (NMC) suit weight-sensitive applications. Essential for energy storage planning questions.

Photolithography uses light to transfer mask patterns onto photoresist-coated wafers, defining circuit features. Critical for miniaturization; EUV lithography enables sub-7nm nodes. Other steps: deposition (add layers), etching (remove material), doping (modify conductivity). Critical for chip manufacturing questions.

Skyroot Aerospace (Vikram series) and Agnikul Cosmos (Agnibaan) are Indian private startups developing small launch vehicles for dedicated small satellite missions. Supported by IN-SPACe and NSIL. Represents India's emerging commercial space ecosystem. Critical for space economy questions.

Nanomaterials enable: high surface area for drug loading, quantum effects for imaging, superparamagnetism for magnetic targeting. Applications: cancer therapy, diagnostics, tissue engineering. India's Nano Mission supports research. Critical for nanotechnology and healthcare innovation questions.

Reconnaissance (information gathering) is first phase of pentest: passive (OSINT, WHOIS) and active (scanning, enumeration) techniques to map target attack surface. Followed by scanning, exploitation, post-exploitation, and reporting. Critical for cybersecurity methodology questions.

Solid-State Batteries replace flammable liquid electrolytes with solid ceramics/polymers, enabling: higher energy density, faster charging, wider temperature range, and reduced fire risk. Key for EVs and grid storage. India's ACC PLI scheme supports domestic manufacturing. Critical for clean energy questions.

As of 2026, 3nm process node is in high-volume production (TSMC, Samsung) for flagship mobile and HPC chips. 2nm is in risk production with GAA transistors. India's semiconductor mission targets mature nodes (28nm-65nm) initially for strategic autonomy. Critical for understanding tech competitiveness questions.

IaC (Terraform), Configuration Management (Ansible), and GitOps all use version-controlled code to define infrastructure/app state. Enables: repeatability, auditability, peer review, and automated testing. Critical for modern DevOps practices and cloud operations questions.

ConfigMap stores configuration data (environment variables, config files) as key-value pairs for pods. Secret is for sensitive data (base64-encoded); PersistentVolume for storage; Namespace for resource isolation. Critical for Kubernetes configuration management questions.

Section 66 prescribes punishment (up to 3 years + fine) for computer-related offenses: unauthorized access, data theft, introducing viruses. Section 43 covers civil liability; 66C is identity theft; 67 is obscene content. Critical for cyber law awareness in exams.

Validity ensures data conforms to business rules, formats, and value ranges (e.g., email format, date ranges). Other dimensions: Accuracy (correctness), Completeness (no missing values), Consistency (across systems). Critical for data governance and quality management questions.

Homomorphic Encryption allows computations on ciphertext, producing encrypted results that decrypt to correct output. Enables privacy-preserving cloud analytics, secure voting, and confidential AI. Still computationally intensive but advancing with research. Critical for privacy-enhancing technologies.

Terraform (HashiCorp) uses HCL declarative language to provision cloud resources across providers (AWS, Azure, GCP). Supports state management, modules, and plan/apply workflow. Ansible is configuration management; Jenkins is CI/CD; Docker is containerization. Critical for IaC questions.

Canary Release deploys new version to small user subset (canary group), monitors metrics, and gradually expands if stable. Reduces risk vs big-bang releases. Implemented via service mesh, load balancers, or feature flags. Critical for safe deployment strategies.

Data Protection Board of India is independent regulatory body established under DPDP Act 2023 to: adjudicate disputes, impose penalties, and enforce compliance. Distinct from CERT-In (cyber incidents) and MeitY (policy). Critical for data governance questions.

Star Schema (data warehousing) uses denormalized fact tables linked to dimension tables for fast analytical queries. Optimizes read performance at cost of storage redundancy. Contrasts with 3NF (normalized for OLTP). Critical for BI and analytics architecture questions.

Meltdown/Spectre (2018) exploit CPU speculative execution and cache side-channels to read kernel memory or other processes' data. Mitigated via microcode updates, OS patches, and compiler fixes. Highlights hardware-level security challenges. Critical for system security questions.

Automated Rollback uses monitoring alerts (error rate, latency) to trigger immediate reversion to previous stable version. Reduces MTTR and blast radius of bad releases. Implemented via CI/CD pipelines and SRE runbooks. Critical for production reliability practices.

StatefulSet manages stateful applications: provides stable pod names (pod-0, pod-1), persistent storage, and ordered deployment/scaling. Used for databases, Kafka, etc. Deployment is for stateless apps; DaemonSet runs one pod per node; ReplicaSet manages pod replicas.