Science – Fill in the Blank – GK Questions

https://www.incometax.gov.in is the official e-Filing portal for ITR submission, TDS tracking, and tax services. Part of Digital India for transparent governance. [[CBDT Guidelines]]

ΔG = ΔH - TΔS. If ΔG < 0, process is spontaneous; ΔG > 0, non-spontaneous; ΔG = 0, equilibrium. Unifies enthalpy and entropy for predicting reaction feasibility. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 11]]

Dicot stems have vascular bundles in a ring (eustele), enabling secondary growth. Monocots have scattered bundles (atactostele). Key difference in plant anatomy. [[NCERT Biology Class 11]]

Weber (Wb) = magnetic flux; Tesla (T) = magnetic flux density (B = Φ/A). 1 Wb = 1 T·m². Important for electromagnetism problems. [[NCERT Physics Class 12]]

3Rs promote sustainable consumption: Reduce waste generation, Reuse items, Recycle materials into new products. Core concept in environmental education and policy. [[MoEFCC Guidelines, NCERT Geography Class 11]]

In Group 13 (B, Al, Ga, In, Tl), ns² electrons resist participation in bonding down the group. Tl⁺ is more stable than Tl³⁺ due to inert pair effect. Important for periodic trends. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 11]]

LH (Luteinizing Hormone) surge from pituitary triggers release of mature ovum from Graafian follicle (~day 14 of menstrual cycle). Critical for reproductive physiology. [[NCERT Biology Class 12]]

de Broglie hypothesis: λ = h/p, where p = momentum. Establishes wave-particle duality for matter. Verified by electron diffraction experiments. Foundational quantum mechanics. [[NCERT Physics Class 12]]

Zero-order: rate = k, so k has same units as rate (concentration/time). First-order: s⁻¹; Second-order: L mol⁻¹ s⁻¹. Unit analysis helps identify reaction order. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]

El Niño involves unusual warming of central/eastern tropical Pacific, disrupting global weather (monsoons, droughts, floods). La Niña is the cooling phase. Important for geography. [[IMD Reports, NCERT Geography Class 11]]

SA (sinoatrial) node in right atrium generates electrical impulses initiating heartbeat (~72/min). AV node delays signal for atrial contraction. Critical for circulatory system understanding. [[NCERT Biology Class 11]]

NAQI has six categories: Good (Green), Satisfactory (Light Green), Moderately Polluted (Yellow), Poor (Orange), Very Poor (Red), Severe (Maroon). Helps public understand pollution levels. [[CPCB Guidelines]]

Coordination number = number of ligand donor atoms bonded to central metal. Here, six NH₃ molecules coordinate to Co³⁺, giving octahedral geometry. Key concept in Werner's theory. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]

Rectifiers (using diodes) convert alternating current to direct current. Half-wave and full-wave rectifiers are basic power supply components. Essential for electronics fundamentals. [[NCERT Physics Class 12]]

Ethylene is a gaseous plant hormone triggering ripening, senescence, and abscission. Commercially used for artificial ripening of bananas, mangoes. Important for agriculture questions. [[NCERT Biology Class 11]]

GSLV (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle) uses indigenous cryogenic upper stage (CE-7.5/CE-20) for launching heavy satellites to GTO. PSLV uses solid/liquid stages. Key for space tech awareness. [[ISRO Reports]]

Equivalence point: stoichiometric completion of reaction. End point: indicator color change (ideally matches equivalence). Distinction is critical for accurate titrations. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 11]]

Balmer series (n=2 to higher levels) produces visible lines (Hα, Hβ, etc.). Lyman is UV, Paschen/Brackett are IR. Understanding spectral series is key for atomic structure questions. [[NCERT Physics Class 12]]

Bilirubin, a yellow pigment from hemoglobin breakdown, accumulates in blood due to liver dysfunction, bile duct obstruction, or excessive RBC destruction. Key diagnostic indicator in medicine. [[NCERT Biology Class 11]]

Contact Process oxidizes SO₂ to SO₃ using V₂O₅ catalyst, then absorbs in H₂SO₄ to form oleum. Sulfuric acid is vital for fertilizers, batteries, and chemicals. Important industrial chemistry. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]