Science – Fill in the Blank – GK Questions

mRNA vaccines (e.g., COVID-19) encode the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. Cells produce it, triggering immune response without live virus. Platform enables rapid vaccine development. [[ICMR, MoHFW Guidelines]]

MRI uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to align hydrogen nuclei; resonance signals create detailed soft-tissue images. No ionizing radiation, unlike CT/X-rays. [[NCERT Physics Class 12]]

Ostwald process: catalytic oxidation of NH₃ to NO, then to NO₂, absorbed in water to form HNO₃. Critical for fertilizers, explosives, and chemical synthesis. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]

ABDM (2021) enables digital health IDs, electronic records, and interoperable systems for seamless healthcare access. Part of India's digital public infrastructure strategy. [[MoHFW, NHA Reports]]

CAMPA (2016) manages funds collected for diverting forest land for non-forest use. Ensures afforestation, ecosystem restoration, and tribal welfare. Critical for environmental governance. [[MoEFCC Reports, NCERT Geography Class 11]]

One Health is a collaborative, multisectoral approach acknowledging that human, animal, and environmental health are linked. Critical for zoonotic disease prevention (e.g., COVID-19, Nipah). [[WHO, MoHFW Guidelines]]

LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment) was launched by PM Modi at COP26 (2021) to promote mindful consumption and sustainable living. It emphasizes individual actions for collective climate impact. [[MoEFCC, NITI Aayog Reports]]

Pascal (Pa) = N/m². Atmospheric pressure ≈ 101,325 Pa = 1 atm. Barometer measures pressure; manometer measures gas pressure. Essential for fluid mechanics. [[NCERT Physics Class 11]]

Chipko (1970s, Uttarakhand): villagers hugged trees to prevent logging. Pioneered eco-feminism and community-based conservation. Landmark environmental movement in India. [[MoEFCC, NCERT Geography Class 11]]

Primary structure: linear sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Determines higher-order folding and function. Central to biochemistry. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]

Larynx contains vocal cords; vibration produces sound. Epiglottis prevents food entry during swallowing. Key anatomy for physiology questions. [[NCERT Biology Class 11]]

KE = ½mv²: kinetic energy ∝ mass and ∝ (velocity)². Doubling speed quadruples KE. Critical for mechanics and safety calculations. [[NCERT Physics Class 11]]

PDF (Portable Document Format), developed by Adobe, preserves formatting across devices/platforms. Widely used for official documents, e-books, forms. Basic computer awareness. [[NCERT Computer Science]]

Tollens' test: Aldehydes reduce [Ag(NH₃)₂]⁺ to metallic silver (silver mirror); ketones don't react. Classic test for carbonyl compounds. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]

Anemophily: wind pollination (e.g., grasses, cereals). Flowers are small, inconspicuous, produce abundant light pollen. Contrasts with biotic pollination (insects, birds). [[NCERT Biology Class 12]]

R = ρL/A: resistance ∝ length (L), ∝ resistivity (ρ), ∝ 1/area (A). Temperature increases ρ for metals. Fundamental for circuit design. [[NCERT Physics Class 10]]

Namami Gange (launched 2014) is an integrated conservation mission for pollution abatement, rejuvenation, and sustainable use of the Ganga. Flagship environmental program. [[NMCG Reports, NCERT Geography Class 11]]

Tyndall effect: scattering of light by colloidal particles, making beam visible. True solutions don't scatter; suspensions settle. Used to distinguish colloids. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]

Liver synthesizes bile (contains bile salts for fat emulsification); gallbladder concentrates and stores it. Released into duodenum during digestion. Key for physiology. [[NCERT Biology Class 11]]

Visible light: 4×10¹⁴ Hz (red) to 8×10¹⁴ Hz (violet); wavelength 700-400 nm. Higher frequency than IR, lower than UV. Important for EM spectrum questions. [[NCERT Physics Class 12]]