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The Smart Cities Mission in India focuses on developing urban areas with ________ infrastructure and digital solutions.
- Traditional
- Sustainable
- Industrial
- Rural
Answer: Sustainable
Smart Cities Mission (2015) promotes area-based development with sustainable mobility, water/energy efficiency, ICT integration, and citizen participation. 100 cities selected across India. [[MoHUA Reports]]
True or False: Augmented Reality (AR) overlays digital information onto the real-world environment.
- True
- False
Answer: True
AR enhances real-world view with computer-generated elements (text, 3D models) via smartphones, glasses. Applications: education, navigation, retail, industrial maintenance. Distinct from VR (fully immersive). [[MeitY Reports]]
True or False: Microplastics are plastic particles smaller than 5 mm that persist in the environment.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Microplastics (<5 mm) originate from degraded larger plastics or microbeads. Found in oceans, soil, air, and human tissues. India banned single-use plastics (2022) to address this crisis. [[CPCB, MoEFCC Reports]]
LEDs emit light when electrons recombine with holes in a semiconductor, releasing energy as:
- Heat
- Photons
- Phonons
- Plasmons
Answer: Photons
Electroluminescence in LEDs: electron-hole recombination across bandgap emits photons (light). Energy (color) determined by semiconductor bandgap (e.g., GaAsP for red). Energy-efficient lighting. [[NCERT Physics Class 12]]
In IoT, MQTT is a lightweight ________ protocol designed for low-bandwidth, high-latency networks.
- Transport
- Application
- Network
- Data link
Answer: Application
MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) uses publish-subscribe model for efficient machine-to-machine communication. Ideal for sensor networks, smart homes, industrial IoT. [[MeitY Guidelines]]
Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF) emphasizes the use of ________ and microbial cultures instead of chemical inputs.
- Chemical fertilizers
- Pesticides
- Cow dung and urine
- Hybrid seeds
Answer: Cow dung and urine
ZBNF (Subhash Palekar) uses Jeevamrut (microbial culture), Bijamrita (seed treatment), Mulching, and Waaphasa (soil aeration) to enhance soil health and reduce costs. Promoted in several Indian states. [[MoA Reports]]
True or False: Ultrasonic waves have frequencies above 20 kHz and are used in medical imaging.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Ultrasound (>20 kHz) penetrates tissues; echoes create images (sonography). Also used in cleaning, NDT, pest repellents. Non-ionizing and safe for prenatal scans. [[NCERT Physics Class 11]]
Which feature of blockchain ensures that records cannot be altered retroactively?
- Decentralization
- Immutability
- Transparency
- Anonymity
Answer: Immutability
Immutability: once data is added to a block and chained via hashes, altering it requires recalculating all subsequent blocks across the network—computationally infeasible. Core to trustless systems. [[NITI Aayog Reports]]
True or False: Photosynthesis is a photochemical reaction where light energy drives the conversion of CO₂ and H₂O to glucose.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Light-dependent reactions: chlorophyll absorbs photons, excites electrons, splits water, generates ATP/NADPH. Calvin cycle uses these to fix CO₂. Foundation of life on Earth. [[NCERT Biology Class 11]]
True or False: Mangroves, seagrasses, and salt marshes are key blue carbon ecosystems that sequester carbon.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Blue carbon ecosystems store carbon in biomass and sediments at rates higher than terrestrial forests. Conservation supports climate mitigation and coastal protection. India has significant mangrove cover. [[MoEFCC, UNEP Reports]]
True or False: The human gut microbiome influences immune system development and metabolism.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Gut microbes train immune cells, produce vitamins (K, B12), ferment fiber to SCFAs. Dysbiosis linked to obesity, IBD, mental health. Probiotics/prebiotics modulate microbiome. [[ICMR Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]
Incineration of municipal solid waste primarily produces energy in the form of ________.
- Biogas
- Electricity
- Hydrogen
- Ethanol
Answer: Electricity
Waste incineration burns MSW to generate steam, driving turbines for electricity. Reduces landfill volume but requires emission controls. Part of integrated waste management. [[MoEFCC Guidelines]]
True or False: Perovskite solar cells have achieved laboratory efficiencies exceeding 25%.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Perovskite PV cells (hybrid organic-inorganic) offer high efficiency, low cost, and flexibility. Challenges: stability, scalability. India's National Solar Mission supports R&D in next-gen PV. [[MNRE Reports]]
Which tool is used to create a bit-by-bit copy of a storage device for forensic analysis?
- Antivirus
- Disk imaging software
- Firewall
- Encryption tool
Answer: Disk imaging software
Forensic imaging (e.g., FTK Imager, dd) creates exact clones preserving metadata and deleted files. Essential for legal evidence collection without altering original data. [[CERT-In Guidelines]]
Which pollutant is NOT directly measured by the National Air Quality Index (NAQI)?
- PM2.5
- Ozone (O₃)
- Carbon Monoxide (CO)
- Carbon Dioxide (CO₂)
Answer: Carbon Dioxide (CO₂)
NAQI monitors 8 pollutants: PM10, PM2.5, NO₂, SO₂, CO, O₃, NH₃, Pb. CO₂ is a greenhouse gas but not a criteria air pollutant for NAQI. Important distinction for environmental exams. [[CPCB Guidelines]]
True or False: AI algorithms can assist in early detection of diseases like diabetic retinopathy from retinal scans.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Deep learning models (e.g., CNNs) analyze medical images with accuracy comparable to specialists. India's AI for All strategy promotes such applications for affordable healthcare. [[NITI Aayog, MoHFW Reports]]
Biodegradable polymers like PLA (Polylactic Acid) are derived from renewable resources such as ________.
- Petroleum
- Corn starch
- Coal
- Natural gas
Answer: Corn starch
PLA is synthesized from lactic acid produced by fermenting corn starch/sugarcane. Degrades to CO₂ and water under composting conditions. Sustainable alternative to conventional plastics. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
True or False: Circular economy aims to eliminate waste by designing products for reuse, repair, and recycling.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Circular economy contrasts linear 'take-make-dispose' model. Principles: design out waste, keep materials in use, regenerate natural systems. India's Resource Efficiency Strategy promotes this. [[NITI Aayog Reports]]
Geostationary satellites orbit at approximately ________ km above Earth's equator.
- 360
- 3600
- 36000
- 360000
Answer: 36000
Geostationary orbit (GEO) at ~35,786 km altitude matches Earth's rotation period (24h), so satellite appears fixed. Used for TV broadcasting, weather monitoring, communication. [[ISRO Reports, NCERT Physics Class 11]]
Reverse osmosis (RO) membranes remove dissolved salts by applying pressure greater than the ________ pressure.
- Atmospheric
- Osmotic
- Vapor
- Hydrostatic
Answer: Osmotic
RO forces water through semi-permeable membrane against osmotic gradient, rejecting ions/molecules. Widely used for desalination and water purification. [[CPCB Guidelines, NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]