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Climate-induced migration in India is primarily driven by:
- Sea-level rise in coastal areas
- Droughts and water scarcity
- Extreme weather events
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Climate stressors displace populations: Sundarbans (erosion), Rajasthan (drought), Assam (floods). Internal migration requires adaptive policies: livelihood support, urban planning, social protection. [[MoEFCC, NITI Aayog Reports]]
True or False: Deep eutectic solvents (DES) are mixtures of hydrogen bond donors and acceptors with melting points lower than individual components.
- True
- False
Answer: True
DES: cheap, biodegradable, tunable solvents for extraction, catalysis, electrochemistry. Alternative to volatile organic solvents; aligns with green chemistry. Research ongoing in Indian institutions for biomass processing. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
The Account Aggregator framework in India enables consent-based sharing of ________ data among financial institutions.
- Credit
- Transaction
- Identity
- Biometric
Answer: Transaction
AA ecosystem: users grant consent via AA apps to share financial data (bank statements, investments) securely with lenders, insurers. Enhances credit access, reduces paperwork, empowers data principals. [[RBI, MeitY Reports]]
True or False: The circular carbon economy framework emphasizes Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, and Remove (4R) for CO₂ management.
- True
- False
Answer: True
4R approach: Reduce emissions, Reuse CO₂ as feedstock, Recycle carbon in materials, Remove CO₂ via DAC/afforestation. Holistic strategy for net-zero; India advocates balanced implementation considering development needs. [[MoEFCC, NITI Aayog Reports]]
AI models are used in climate science primarily for:
- Improving weather forecast accuracy
- Downscaling global climate models
- Detecting extreme events in satellite data
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Machine learning enhances climate prediction: emulating complex physics, analyzing big data (satellite, sensors), optimizing renewable integration. India's National AI Strategy identifies climate action as a key sector. [[NITI Aayog, MoES Reports]]
True or False: SHERLOCK and DETECTR are CRISPR-based diagnostic platforms that detect nucleic acids with high specificity.
- True
- False
Answer: True
These platforms use Cas13/Cas12 collateral cleavage activated by target binding, coupled with reporter molecules. Enable rapid, portable detection of pathogens (viruses, bacteria), genetic mutations. Potential for point-of-care testing. [[DBT Reports, ICMR Guidelines]]
True or False: Digital twins of bridges or power grids enable predictive maintenance by simulating real-time sensor data.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Digital twins integrate IoT sensors, AI, physics-based models to monitor asset health, predict failures, optimize operations. Used in smart cities, industrial plants, transportation. Reduces downtime, enhances safety. [[NITI Aayog, MeitY Reports]]
True or False: Electrofuels (e-fuels) are synthetic hydrocarbons produced using renewable electricity, CO₂, and water.
- True
- False
Answer: True
E-fuels: CO₂ + H₂O + renewable electricity → hydrocarbons (methane, methanol, jet fuel) via electrolysis + catalysis. Drop-in replacement for fossil fuels in aviation, shipping; enables carbon recycling. [[MNRE Reports, NCERT Chemistry Class 11]]
True or False: A just energy transition ensures that workers and communities dependent on fossil fuels are supported during the shift to clean energy.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Just transition principles: retraining, social protection, inclusive planning, regional development. India's coal-dependent regions (Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh) require tailored strategies for equitable decarbonization. [[NITI Aayog, MoEFCC Reports]]
Restoring wetlands for flood control and carbon sequestration is an example of a ________ solution to climate change.
- Technological
- Nature-based
- Policy-based
- Financial
Answer: Nature-based
Nature-based Solutions (NbS) use ecosystems to address societal challenges: mangroves for coastal protection, forests for carbon sinks, urban green spaces for heat mitigation. Cost-effective, co-benefits for biodiversity. [[MoEFCC, UNEP Reports]]
True or False: The Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM) uses Health ID as a unique identifier for individuals across healthcare providers.
- True
- False
Answer: True
ABDM's Health ID (voluntary) enables consent-based sharing of personal health records across hospitals, labs, pharmacies. Enhances continuity of care, reduces duplication, supports telemedicine. Core of India's digital health infrastructure. [[MoHFW, NHA Reports]]
True or False: Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) is a widely studied photocatalyst for water splitting and pollutant degradation under UV light.
- True
- False
Answer: True
TiO₂ absorbs UV, generates electron-hole pairs that drive redox reactions: water → H₂ + O₂; organic pollutants → CO₂ + H₂O. Research focuses on visible-light activation via doping. Green chemistry application. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
True or False: India's Deep Ocean Mission aims to explore polymetallic nodules and develop oceanic thermal energy conversion (OTEC).
- True
- False
Answer: True
Deep Ocean Mission (MoES) focuses on deep-sea mining, OTEC, desalination, biodiversity exploration. Supports blue economy goals: sustainable use of ocean resources for growth, livelihoods, ecosystem health. [[MoES Reports, NCERT Geography Class 11]]
True or False: Hydrometallurgical processes use aqueous solutions to recover valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Hydrometallurgy: leaching with acids/bases dissolves Li, Co, Ni, Mn; followed by solvent extraction, precipitation. More environmentally friendly than pyrometallurgy. Critical for circular economy in EV supply chains. [[MoEFCC Guidelines, NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
Green hydrogen is produced by electrolysis of water using electricity from:
- Coal power plants
- Natural gas reforming
- Renewable energy sources
- Nuclear power
Answer: Renewable energy sources
Green H₂: water electrolysis powered by solar/wind yields zero-carbon fuel. Critical for decarbonizing steel, ammonia, heavy transport. India's National Green Hydrogen Mission targets cost reduction and scale-up. [[MNRE Reports, NCERT Chemistry Class 11]]
True or False: India Stack is a set of open APIs and digital public goods that enable paperless, presence-less, and cashless service delivery.
- True
- False
Answer: True
India Stack includes Aadhaar (identity), UPI (payments), e-KYC, DigiLocker, Account Aggregator. Open, interoperable infrastructure fostering innovation in fintech, healthtech, edtech. Model for Global South. [[NITI Aayog, MeitY Reports]]
True or False: The principle of Common But Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR) acknowledges varying national capabilities in addressing climate change.
- True
- False
Answer: True
CBDR (UNFCCC, 1992) recognizes historical emissions and development needs: developed countries take lead in mitigation/finance. Foundation for climate equity negotiations. India advocates CBDR in global forums. [[MoEFCC, UNFCCC Reports]]
India's Long-Term Low-Emission Development Strategy (LT-LEDS) targets net-zero emissions by the year ________.
- 2050
- 2060
- 2070
- 2080
Answer: 2070
India announced net-zero by 2070 at COP26 (2021), with interim targets: 500 GW non-fossil capacity, 50% renewable energy, 1 billion tonne CO₂ reduction by 2030. Balanced approach considering development needs. [[MoEFCC, NITI Aayog Reports]]
True or False: Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an approved treatment for recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection.
- True
- False
Answer: True
FMT restores healthy gut microbiota by transferring processed stool from a donor. Highly effective (>90%) for recurrent C. diff. Research ongoing for IBD, obesity, autism. Regulated by CDSCO in India. [[ICMR Guidelines, NCERT Biology Class 12]]
True or False: Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are biopolymers produced by microbial fermentation of sugars or lipids.
- True
- False
Answer: True
PHAs are biodegradable polyesters synthesized by bacteria as carbon storage. Fully compostable, used in packaging, medical implants. Aligns with circular economy goals; India promotes R&D under National Biofuels Policy. [[MoEFCC, NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]