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Which data structure is most efficient for implementing a cache with LRU (Least Recently Used) eviction policy?
- Array
- Linked List
- Hash Map + Doubly Linked List
- Stack
Answer: Hash Map + Doubly Linked List
LRU cache requires O(1) access and O(1) reorder on access. Hash map provides O(1) key lookup; doubly linked list maintains usage order with O(1) move-to-front. Combined, they achieve O(1) get/put operations. Classic system design question for SSC JE and banking IT exams.
Which Linux command is used to display the current working directory?
- ls
- cd
- pwd
- dir
Answer: pwd
pwd (print working directory) displays the absolute path of the current directory in Linux/Unix systems. ls lists directory contents, cd changes directory, and dir is a Windows command. Essential for navigation and scripting in command-line environments frequently tested in SSC JE and Railway exams.
Which Indian initiative promotes responsible AI innovation through multi-stakeholder collaboration?
- Responsible AI for Social Empowerment (RAISE)
- Digital India Bhashini
- National AI Portal
- All of these
Answer: All of these
India's AI ecosystem includes: RAISE summit for global dialogue on ethical AI, Bhashini for inclusive AI in Indian languages, National AI Portal (by MeitY & NASSCOM) for resources and collaboration. Supported by research centers (C3i, T-Hub), industry partnerships, and policy frameworks. Aims to balance innovation with ethics, inclusion, and national interest.
Which spectrum auction method allows bidders to bid on multiple frequency blocks simultaneously?
- Sealed Bid
- English Auction
- Simultaneous Multiple Round Auction
- Dutch Auction
Answer: Simultaneous Multiple Round Auction
SMRA (Simultaneous Multiple Round Auction) allows bidders to bid on multiple spectrum lots across bands in multiple rounds, with prices rising based on demand. Used in India's 2G/3G/4G/5G auctions. Promotes price discovery, reduces exposure risk (bidding on complementary blocks), and enhances efficiency vs sequential auctions.
Which operator is used to access members of a structure through a pointer in C?
- .
- ->
- ::
- *
Answer: ->
Arrow operator (->) accesses structure members via pointer: ptr->member equivalent to (*ptr).member. Dot operator (.) is for direct structure variables. Understanding pointer arithmetic and memory layout is crucial for systems programming, embedded development, and technical exams. Common source of segmentation faults if misused.
Which regulatory technology (RegTech) application automates compliance reporting for financial institutions?
- Chatbots
- AML Transaction Monitoring
- Robo-Advisors
- Digital KYC
Answer: AML Transaction Monitoring
AML (Anti-Money Laundering) transaction monitoring uses AI/ML to analyze transactions in real-time, flag suspicious patterns, and generate regulatory reports (STRs). Reduces manual effort, improves detection accuracy, and ensures compliance with RBI/FIU-IND guidelines. Part of broader RegTech suite including KYC automation, risk assessment, and audit trails.
Which theorem simplifies complex linear circuits to a single voltage source and series resistance?
- Kirchhoff's Law
- Thevenin's Theorem
- Norton's Theorem
- Both B and C
Answer: Both B and C
Thevenin's Theorem: any linear circuit = voltage source (Vth) + series resistance (Rth). Norton's Theorem: equivalent = current source (In) + parallel resistance (Rn). They are duals; conversion: Vth = In × Rn. Essential for circuit analysis, load matching, and troubleshooting. Applicable to AC circuits using impedance.
Which international framework provides guidelines for trustworthy AI development adopted by many countries?
- GDPR
- OECD AI Principles
- Paris Agreement
- Basel III
Answer: OECD AI Principles
OECD AI Principles (2019) provide values-based guidelines for trustworthy AI: inclusive growth, human-centered values, transparency, robustness, and accountability. Adopted by 40+ countries including India. Influences national policies, corporate governance, and international cooperation on AI. Complements technical standards from ISO/IEC and IEEE.
Which 5G core network architecture enables service-based interfaces and cloud-native deployment?
- EPC
- 5GC
- IMS
- Both B and C
Answer: 5GC
5GC (5G Core) uses service-based architecture (SBA) with cloud-native principles: microservices, containerization, CI/CD. Contrasts with 4G EPC's monolithic design. Benefits: flexibility, scalability, faster feature deployment, and network slicing support. IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem) handles voice/video services and works with both EPC and 5GC.
Which sorting algorithm has best-case time complexity of O(n) when input is already sorted?
- Quick Sort
- Merge Sort
- Bubble Sort
- Heap Sort
Answer: Bubble Sort
Bubble Sort with optimization (stop if no swaps in a pass) achieves O(n) best-case for already sorted input. However, average/worst-case remains O(n²). For exams: know trade-offs - Bubble (simple, inefficient), Quick (fast average, worst O(n²)), Merge (stable, O(n log n) always), Heap (in-place, O(n log n)).
Which technology enables real-time fraud detection in digital payments using pattern analysis?
- Blockchain
- Machine Learning
- OCR
- SMS Gateway
Answer: Machine Learning
ML models analyze transaction patterns (amount, location, time, device) to detect anomalies indicating fraud. Techniques: supervised learning (labeled fraud data), unsupervised anomaly detection, and real-time scoring. Used by banks, UPI apps, and payment gateways. Continuous learning adapts to evolving fraud tactics while minimizing false positives.
Which component is used to amplify weak electrical signals in analog circuits?
- Diode
- Transistor
- Resistor
- Capacitor
Answer: Transistor
Transistor (BJT or FET) amplifies weak signals by using small input current/voltage to control larger output current. Configurations: common emitter (high gain), common collector (impedance matching). Foundation of audio amplifiers, radio receivers, and sensor interfaces. Operational amplifiers (op-amps) integrate multiple transistors for precision amplification.
Which technique is used to detect and mitigate bias in AI training datasets?
- Data Augmentation
- Adversarial Debiasing
- Feature Scaling
- Cross-Validation
Answer: Adversarial Debiasing
Adversarial Debiasing uses adversarial networks to remove correlations between protected attributes (gender, caste) and model predictions while preserving task performance. Other techniques: reweighting samples, bias-aware preprocessing, fairness constraints in loss function. Critical for ethical AI in hiring, lending, and public services where bias can perpetuate inequality.
Which technology enables multiple antennas to transmit/receive simultaneously for higher data rates in 4G/5G?
- OFDM
- MIMO
- CDMA
- TDMA
Answer: MIMO
MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) uses multiple antennas at transmitter and receiver to send/receive multiple data streams simultaneously over same frequency. Increases spectral efficiency, data rates, and link reliability. Evolution: SU-MIMO (single user) to MU-MIMO (multi-user). Foundational for 4G LTE-Advanced and 5G NR performance.
Which data type is used to store true/false values in most programming languages?
- int
- char
- boolean
- float
Answer: boolean
Boolean data type represents two values: true or false. Named after George Boole, founder of Boolean algebra. Used in conditional statements, loops, and logical operations. Some languages (C) use integers (0=false, non-zero=true), but modern languages (Java, Python, C#) have dedicated bool type for clarity and type safety.
Which RBI guideline mandates that digital lending apps must be operated only by regulated entities?
- Digital Payments Guidelines
- Digital Lending Guidelines 2022
- NBFC Framework
- P2P Lending Rules
Answer: Digital Lending Guidelines 2022
RBI's Digital Lending Guidelines (2022) require: lending only by regulated entities (banks/NBFCs), direct fund flow between lender and borrower (no third-party pools), standardized key fact statements, cooling-off period, and grievance redressal. Aims to protect consumers from predatory apps, data misuse, and unfair recovery practices.
Which logic gate outputs HIGH only when both inputs are HIGH?
- OR
- AND
- XOR
- NAND
Answer: AND
AND gate outputs 1 (HIGH) only when all inputs are 1. Truth table: 0+0→0, 0+1→0, 1+0→0, 1+1→1. Fundamental for digital circuits, arithmetic units, and control logic. NAND/NOR are universal gates (can implement any Boolean function). XOR outputs 1 when inputs differ; useful for parity checks and adders.
Which Indian government body is responsible for developing standards and guidelines for AI adoption?
- NITI Aayog
- MeitY
- DST
- All of these
Answer: All of these
AI governance in India is multi-stakeholder: NITI Aayog leads strategy (#AIforAll), MeitY handles policy/regulation and DPDP Act, DST funds R&D through NM-ICPS. BIS develops technical standards; CERT-In addresses security. Collaborative approach ensures balanced innovation, ethics, and national interest in AI deployment.
Which technology enables dynamic spectrum sharing between 4G and 5G on same frequency band?
- Carrier Aggregation
- DSS
- MIMO
- Beamforming
Answer: DSS
DSS (Dynamic Spectrum Sharing) allows 4G LTE and 5G NR to coexist on same frequency band by dynamically allocating resources based on real-time demand. Enables faster 5G rollout using existing spectrum without refarming. Trade-off: slight capacity reduction vs accelerated coverage. Key for operators transitioning from 4G to 5G.
Which loop structure guarantees execution of the loop body at least once?
- for
- while
- do-while
- foreach
Answer: do-while
do-while loop checks condition AFTER executing the body, ensuring at least one iteration. Syntax: do { ... } while(condition);. Useful for menu-driven programs, input validation where first attempt is always needed. while/for check condition BEFORE execution, potentially skipping body entirely if condition initially false.