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Under Article 352, a National Emergency proclamation must be approved by Parliament within 1 month, and can be revoked by Lok Sabha passing a resolution by ______ majority, ensuring continuous democratic oversight.
- simple
- special
- two-thirds
- unanimous
Answer: simple
Democratic oversight of Emergency: (a) Constitutional provision: Emergency can be revoked by Lok Sabha passing resolution by simple majority, (b) 44th Amendment safeguard (1978): One-tenth of Lok Sabha members can requisition special meeting to consider revocation resolution, (c) Rationale: (i) Democratic oversight: Enable legislative check on Emergency continuation; prevent executive from perpetuating Emergency without Parliamentary consent, (ii) Political accountability: Government must justify Emergency continuation to Parliament, people, (iii) Prevent misuse: Prevents ruling party from imposing indefinite Emergency without broad support, (d) Applications: (i) Post-1978: Mechanism ensures Emergency reflects ongoing democratic consensus, not executive whim, (ii) Political accountability: Enhances democratic legitimacy of Emergency measures, (e) Illustrates democratic oversight: Revocation mechanism ensures Emergency subject to continuous democratic scrutiny; balance between crisis response capacity and prevention of political misuse.
In SR Bommai v. Union of India (1994), the Supreme Court held that Governor's report recommending President's Rule must comply with procedural safeguards like ______, ensuring democratic verification before recommending constitutional breakdown.
- media consultation
- floor test
- public referendum
- party consultation
Answer: floor test
Procedural safeguards under SR Bommai: (a) Context: Challenge to President's Rule imposition without procedural safeguards in multiple States, (b) Supreme Court holding: (i) Governor's report must comply with procedural safeguards like floor test to verify majority before recommending President's Rule, (ii) Procedural safeguards ensure: Democratic verification, objective material, constitutional principles compliance, not political considerations, (iii) Judicial review: Courts examine whether procedural safeguards complied with, not just substantive outcome, (c) Applications: (i) Post-1994: Courts more willing to strike down Article 356 proclamations without procedural safeguards, (ii) Federal balance: Protects State autonomy against arbitrary Centre overreach via procedural safeguards, (d) Rationale: (i) Democratic legitimacy: Procedural safeguards ensure Article 356 reflects genuine constitutional breakdown, not political convenience, (ii) Constitutional morality: Governor as constitutional functionary, not political agent, (iii) Judicial oversight: Courts ensure Article 356 used for genuine constitutional breakdown, not political ends, (e) Illustrates constitutional federalism: Procedural safeguards requirement protects State autonomy; judicial review ensures Article 356 used for genuine crises, not political convenience.
The Supreme Court has held that even during a National Emergency under Article 352, Constitutional morality must guide government actions, meaning Emergency powers must be exercised in accordance with constitutional values, not political considerations.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Constitutional morality during Emergency: (a) Constitutional principle: Constitutional morality (values of Constitution: democracy, secularism, federalism, rule of law, dignity) must guide all government actions, including during Emergency, (b) Application to Emergency: (i) Even during Emergency, government actions must comply with Constitutional morality, not political considerations, (ii) Emergency powers subject to Constitutional morality: Actions must respect democratic values, federal balance, rights protection, (iii) Judicial review: Courts can examine whether Emergency actions comply with Constitutional morality, not just procedural compliance, (c) Applications: (i) Post-1978: Courts more willing to strike down Emergency actions violating Constitutional morality, (ii) Rights protection: Ensures Emergency powers used for genuine crisis response, not political suppression, (d) Rationale: (i) Constitutional supremacy: Constitutional morality preserves constitutional identity against arbitrary power, even during crisis, (ii) Rights protection: Constitutional morality essential for rights protection, democratic governance, even during Emergency, (iii) Democratic legitimacy: Ensures Emergency powers used for genuine crisis response, not arbitrary power, (e) Illustrates constitutional resilience: Constitutional morality ensures Constitution's core values preserved even during crisis; balance between crisis response capacity and preservation of constitutional democracy.
In SR Bommai v. Union of India (1994), the Supreme Court held that judicial scrutiny of Governor's report under Article 356 includes examining whether the report was based on ______ material, not political considerations or subjective assessments.
- subjective
- objective
- confidential
- partisan
Answer: objective
Objective material under SR Bommai: (a) Context: Challenge to President's Rule imposition based on subjective assessments, political considerations, (b) Supreme Court holding: (i) Judicial scrutiny includes examining whether Governor's report based on objective material of constitutional breakdown, (ii) Objective material includes: Verified facts, independent inquiries, floor test results, not subjective opinions, media reports, political considerations, (iii) Courts can strike down proclamations based on unverified reports, political considerations, (c) Applications: (i) Rameshwar Prasad (2006): Struck down Bihar Assembly dissolution based on unverified media reports, political considerations, (ii) Recent Governor cases (2022-2024): Reiterated objective material requirement, struck down politically motivated Article 356 invocations, (d) Rationale: (i) Democratic legitimacy: Elected State governments represent people's will; Article 356 exceptional measure, not routine political tool, (ii) Constitutional morality: Governor as constitutional functionary, not political agent, (iii) Federal balance: Protects State autonomy against arbitrary Centre overreach via gubernatorial discretion, (e) Illustrates constitutional federalism: Objective material requirement protects State autonomy; judicial review ensures Article 356 used for genuine constitutional breakdown, not political convenience.
Under Article 352, a National Emergency proclamation must be approved by both Houses of Parliament within 1 month by ______ majority, ensuring democratic oversight of executive emergency powers.
- simple
- special
- two-thirds
- unanimous
Answer: special
Parliamentary oversight of Emergency: (a) Constitutional text: Emergency proclamation must be approved by both Houses of Parliament within 1 month by special majority: (i) Majority of total membership of each House, AND (ii) 2/3 of members present and voting, (b) 44th Amendment safeguard (1978): Changed from simple majority to special majority to prevent narrow majorities from imposing Emergency, (c) Rationale: (i) Democratic consensus: Special majority ensures Emergency reflects broad political agreement, not narrow partisan interest, (ii) Crisis legitimacy: High threshold enhances legitimacy of Emergency measures, public acceptance, (iii) Prevent misuse: Prevents ruling party from imposing Emergency without broad support, (d) Applications: (i) Post-1978: No National Emergency proclaimed, reflecting effectiveness of safeguards, (ii) Political accountability: Government must build broad consensus for Emergency, enhancing democratic legitimacy, (e) Illustrates calibrated emergency powers: Special majority ensures Emergency reflects genuine national consensus; balance between crisis response capacity and prevention of political misuse.
In SR Bommai v. Union of India (1994), the Supreme Court emphasized that Governor's report recommending President's Rule must comply with ______ morality, meaning Governor acts as constitutional functionary, not political agent.
- political
- Constitutional
- social
- religious
Answer: Constitutional
Constitutional morality under SR Bommai: (a) Context: Challenge to President's Rule imposition based on political considerations, not constitutional morality, (b) Supreme Court holding: (i) Governor's report must comply with Constitutional morality: Governor acts as constitutional functionary, not political agent, (ii) Constitutional morality requires: Objective material, procedural compliance, constitutional principles compliance, not political considerations, party affiliations, (iii) Judicial review: Courts examine whether report complies with Constitutional morality, not political convenience, (c) Applications: (i) Post-1994: Courts more willing to strike down Article 356 proclamations violating Constitutional morality, (ii) Federal balance: Protects State autonomy against arbitrary Centre overreach via gubernatorial discretion, (d) Rationale: (i) Democratic legitimacy: Governor as constitutional functionary ensures Article 356 reflects genuine constitutional breakdown, not political convenience, (ii) Constitutional supremacy: Constitutional morality preserves constitutional order against arbitrary power, (iii) Federal balance: Protects State autonomy while enabling Union to preserve constitutional order, (e) Illustrates constitutional federalism: Constitutional morality requirement protects State autonomy; judicial review ensures Article 356 used for genuine crises, not political convenience.
Under Article 352, the President's satisfaction for proclaiming National Emergency must be based on ______ material, and post-44th Amendment, is subject to judicial review to prevent political misuse.
- subjective
- objective
- confidential
- partisan
Answer: objective
Presidential satisfaction under Article 352: (a) Constitutional text: President may proclaim Emergency if satisfied that security of India/threatened by war, external aggression, or armed rebellion, (b) 44th Amendment safeguard (1978): (i) Satisfaction must be based on objective material, not subjective opinion or political consideration, (ii) Judicial review permitted: Courts can examine whether satisfaction based on objective material, not mala fide or political considerations, (c) Applications: (i) Post-1978: Courts more willing to examine whether Emergency proclamation based on objective material, not political pretext, (ii) Rights protection: Ensures Emergency used for genuine existential threats, not political suppression, (d) Rationale: (i) Constitutional supremacy: Presidential satisfaction subject to constitutional limits, judicial oversight, (ii) Rights protection: Prevents Emergency used to suppress rights, democracy, (iii) Democratic accountability: Ensures Emergency reflects genuine crisis, not political convenience, (e) Illustrates calibrated emergency powers: Objective material requirement ensures Emergency based on genuine crisis; judicial review prevents political misuse while preserving crisis response capacity.
In SR Bommai v. Union of India (1994), the Supreme Court held that judicial review of Governor's report under Article 356 includes examining whether procedural requirements like ______ were complied with before recommending President's Rule.
- media consultation
- floor test
- public referendum
- party consultation
Answer: floor test
Procedural compliance under SR Bommai: (a) Context: Challenge to President's Rule imposition without procedural compliance in multiple States, (b) Supreme Court holding: (i) Judicial review includes examining whether procedural requirements complied with before recommending President's Rule, (ii) Key procedural requirement: Floor test to verify majority before dismissal of Ministry, (iii) Other procedural requirements: Objective material verification, independent inquiry, consultation with Council of Ministers where possible, (c) Applications: (i) Post-1994: Courts more willing to strike down Article 356 proclamations without procedural compliance, (ii) Federal balance: Protects State autonomy against arbitrary Centre overreach via procedural safeguards, (d) Rationale: (i) Democratic legitimacy: Procedural compliance ensures Article 356 reflects genuine constitutional breakdown, not political convenience, (ii) Constitutional morality: Governor as constitutional functionary, not political agent, (iii) Judicial oversight: Courts ensure Article 356 used for genuine constitutional breakdown, not political ends, (e) Illustrates constitutional federalism: Procedural compliance requirement protects State autonomy; judicial review ensures Article 356 used for genuine crises, not political convenience.
Under Article 358, during a National Emergency, suspension of Article 19 freedoms applies only to laws/restrictions related to ______ purposes, not arbitrary restrictions unrelated to Emergency.
- political
- Emergency
- economic
- administrative
Answer: Emergency
Article 19 suspension scope during Emergency: (a) Article 358 text: During Emergency, Article 19 freedoms automatically suspended for duration of Emergency, (b) Scope limitation: (i) Applies only to laws/restrictions related to Emergency purposes (war, external aggression, armed rebellion), (ii) Does not permit arbitrary restrictions unrelated to Emergency (e.g., political suppression, censorship unrelated to crisis), (iii) Judicial review: Courts can examine whether restrictions genuinely related to Emergency purposes, not political pretext, (c) 44th Amendment safeguard (1978): Reinforced scope limitation; courts more willing to strike down restrictions unrelated to Emergency, (d) Applications: (i) 1962, 1971 Emergencies: Restrictions on speech, assembly related to defence, security, (ii) Post-1978: Courts examine whether restrictions genuinely related to Emergency, not political suppression, (e) Illustrates calibrated rights suspension: Enabling crisis response while preventing arbitrary rights suppression; balance between national security and individual liberty through scope limitation, judicial oversight.
In SR Bommai v. Union of India (1994), the Supreme Court emphasized that Governor's report recommending President's Rule should be based on material verified through ______ sources, not just unverified media reports or political considerations.
- subjective
- independent
- partisan
- confidential
Answer: independent
Independent verification of Governor's report: (a) Context: Challenge to President's Rule imposition based on unverified reports, political considerations, (b) Supreme Court holding: (i) Governor's report must be based on objective material verified through independent sources (e.g., Assembly proceedings, independent inquiries, not just media reports), (ii) Cannot be based on: Unverified media reports, political considerations, subjective assessments, party affiliations, (iii) Judicial review: Courts can examine whether report based on independently verified material, not political considerations, (c) Applications: (i) Rameshwar Prasad (2006): Struck down Bihar Assembly dissolution based on unverified media reports, political considerations, (ii) Recent Governor cases (2022-2024): Reiterated objective standards, independent verification requirement, (d) Rationale: (i) Democratic legitimacy: Elected State governments represent people's will; Article 356 exceptional measure, not routine political tool, (ii) Constitutional morality: Governor as constitutional functionary, not political agent, (iii) Federal balance: Protects State autonomy against arbitrary Centre overreach via gubernatorial discretion, (e) Illustrates constitutional federalism: Independent verification requirement protects State autonomy; judicial review ensures Article 356 used for genuine constitutional breakdown, not political convenience.
Under Article 352, a National Emergency approved by Parliament continues for ______ months unless renewed by Parliamentary resolution, ensuring periodic democratic review.
- 3
- 6
- 9
- 12
Answer: 6
Emergency duration and renewal: (a) Constitutional text: If approved by Parliament, Emergency continues for 6 months, (b) Renewal mechanism: Can be extended indefinitely by Parliamentary resolution every 6 months, (c) 44th Amendment safeguards (1978): (i) Special majority required for approval/renewal, (ii) One-tenth of Lok Sabha members can requisition special meeting to consider revocation, (iii) Prevents indefinite Emergency without ongoing democratic consent, (d) Rationale: (i) Democratic oversight: Periodic renewal ensures Emergency reflects ongoing democratic consensus, not executive whim, (ii) Political accountability: Government must justify Emergency continuation to Parliament, people, (iii) Prevent misuse: Prevents ruling party from imposing indefinite Emergency without broad support, (e) Applications: (i) Post-1978: No National Emergency proclaimed, reflecting effectiveness of safeguards, (ii) Political accountability: Enhances democratic legitimacy of Emergency measures, (f) Illustrates democratic oversight: Periodic renewal ensures Emergency subject to continuous democratic scrutiny; balance between crisis response capacity and prevention of political misuse.
In SR Bommai v. Union of India (1994), the Supreme Court held that if a proclamation under Article 356 is struck down by courts, the State Assembly can be revived with the ______ restored, protecting democratic mandate against arbitrary deprivation.
- Governor
- Ministry
- Administrator
- President
Answer: Ministry
SR Bommai Ministry revival safeguard: (a) Context: Challenge to President's Rule with Assembly dissolution in multiple States, (b) Supreme Court holding: (i) If proclamation under Article 356 struck down by court, State Assembly can be revived with Ministry restored, (ii) Dissolution not automatic; extreme step requiring genuine justification, (iii) Floor test primary method to test majority before dissolution considered, (c) Rationale: (i) Democratic mandate: Elected Assembly represents people's will; revival protects democratic mandate against arbitrary deprivation, (ii) Federal balance: Protects State autonomy against arbitrary Centre overreach, (iii) Constitutional morality: Governor, President act as constitutional functionaries, not political agents, (d) Applications: (i) Post-1994: Courts more willing to revive Assemblies if proclamation invalidated, (ii) Political accountability: Governments must justify dissolution with objective material, not political convenience, (e) Illustrates democratic federalism: Ministry revival safeguard ensures State executive autonomy protected; judicial review prevents arbitrary deprivation of democratic mandate.
In SR Bommai v. Union of India (1994), the Supreme Court emphasized that floor test to verify majority should be conducted ______ to ensure democratic verification before considering Article 356 imposition.
- after dismissal of Ministry
- before dismissal of Ministry
- only after Presidential approval
- only during Emergency
Answer: before dismissal of Ministry
Floor test timing under SR Bommai: (a) Context: Challenge to President's Rule imposition without floor test in multiple States, (b) Supreme Court holding: (i) Floor test should be conducted before dismissal of Ministry to verify whether Ministry enjoys majority support, (ii) Governor cannot dismiss Ministry based on subjective assessment, media reports, political considerations without floor test, (iii) Floor test ensures democratic verification: Elected representatives, not appointed Governor, decide government fate, (c) Applications: (i) Hung Assembly scenarios: Governor must invite leader most likely to command majority, verify through floor test before considering Article 356, (ii) Judicial review: Courts can examine whether floor test conducted fairly, results respected, before upholding Article 356, (d) Rationale: (i) Democratic legitimacy: Elected Assembly represents people's will; floor test ensures Ministry reflects Assembly majority, (ii) Constitutional morality: Governor as constitutional functionary, not political agent, (iii) Judicial oversight: Courts ensure Article 356 used for genuine constitutional breakdown, not political ends, (e) Illustrates constitutional federalism: Floor test before dismissal ensures State governments reflect Assembly majority; judicial review protects State autonomy against arbitrary Centre overreach.
Under Article 352, if one-tenth of Lok Sabha members requisition a special meeting, the House must consider a resolution for revocation of National Emergency, enabling ______ check on Emergency continuation.
- executive
- legislative
- judicial
- administrative
Answer: legislative
Legislative check on Emergency continuation: (a) 44th Amendment safeguard (1978): One-tenth of Lok Sabha members can requisition special meeting to consider resolution for revocation of National Emergency, (b) Procedure: (i) Requisition by one-tenth members triggers special meeting, (ii) Resolution for revocation passed by simple majority revokes Emergency, (iii) Ensures Emergency subject to continuous legislative scrutiny, not just initial approval, (c) Rationale: (i) Democratic oversight: Enable legislative check on Emergency continuation; prevent executive from perpetuating Emergency without Parliamentary consent, (ii) Political accountability: Government must justify Emergency continuation to Parliament, people, (iii) Prevent misuse: Prevents ruling party from imposing indefinite Emergency without broad support, (d) Applications: (i) Post-1978: Mechanism ensures Emergency reflects ongoing democratic consensus, not executive whim, (ii) Political accountability: Enhances democratic legitimacy of Emergency measures, (e) Illustrates democratic oversight: Legislative check ensures Emergency subject to continuous democratic scrutiny; balance between crisis response capacity and prevention of political misuse.
Under Article 356, extension of President's Rule beyond one year requires certification by the ______ that elections cannot be held due to extraordinary circumstances, ensuring democratic restoration at earliest opportunity.
- Supreme Court
- Election Commission
- Finance Commission
- Union Public Service Commission
Answer: Election Commission
Election Commission certification for President's Rule extension: (a) 44th Amendment safeguard (1978): Extension of President's Rule beyond 1 year requires: (i) National Emergency in operation in India/State, OR (ii) Election Commission certification that elections cannot be held due to extraordinary circumstances (e.g., security threats, natural disasters), (b) Rationale: (i) Democratic restoration: Ensure elections held at earliest opportunity; President's Rule temporary measure, not permanent governance, (ii) Independent verification: Election Commission as independent constitutional authority certifies genuine impossibility of elections, not political convenience, (iii) Federal balance: Prevents indefinite Centre rule over States without democratic mandate, (c) Applications: (i) Post-1994: Courts more willing to strike down extensions without genuine Election Commission certification, (ii) Political accountability: Government must justify extensions with independent verification, not political preference, (d) Illustrates democratic federalism: Election Commission certification ensures President's Rule extensions reflect genuine extraordinary circumstances; balance between crisis management and democratic restoration.
Under Article 352, a National Emergency can be revoked if Lok Sabha passes a resolution for revocation by ______ majority, enabling democratic check on Emergency continuation.
- simple
- two-thirds
- three-fourths
- unanimous
Answer: simple
Article 352 Emergency revocation: (a) Constitutional provision: Emergency can be revoked by: (i) President at any time, or (ii) Lok Sabha passing resolution for revocation by simple majority, (b) 44th Amendment safeguard (1978): One-tenth of Lok Sabha members can requisition special meeting to consider revocation resolution, (c) Rationale: Enable democratic check on Emergency continuation; prevent executive from perpetuating Emergency without Parliamentary consent, (d) Applications: (i) Post-1978: Mechanism ensures Emergency reflects ongoing democratic consensus, not executive whim, (ii) Political accountability: Government must justify Emergency continuation to Parliament, people, (e) Illustrates democratic oversight: Revocation mechanism ensures Emergency subject to continuous democratic scrutiny; balance between crisis response capacity and prevention of political misuse.
Under Article 356, approval of President's Rule proclamation by Parliament requires ______ majority, unlike Article 352 which requires special majority.
- simple
- two-thirds
- three-fourths
- unanimous
Answer: simple
Article 356 Parliamentary approval majority: (a) Constitutional text: President's Rule proclamation must be approved by both Houses of Parliament by simple majority (majority of members present and voting), (b) Contrast with Article 352: National Emergency requires special majority (majority of total membership + 2/3 present and voting), (c) Rationale for difference: (i) Article 352 (National Emergency): Existential threats to nation require broad consensus, hence special majority, (ii) Article 356 (State Emergency): Constitutional breakdown in State requires democratic approval, but simple majority suffices given State-level focus, (d) 44th Amendment safeguards: (i) Extension beyond 1 year requires special conditions (National Emergency or Election Commission certification), (ii) Prevents indefinite President's Rule without genuine justification, (e) Applications: (i) Historical use: Article 356 used over 120 times; SR Bommai (1994) curbed political misuse, (ii) Post-1994: Parliamentary approval more strictly scrutinized; floor test principle reinforced, (f) Illustrates calibrated federalism: Simple majority for State-level Emergency balances democratic oversight with practical governance needs; special conditions for extensions prevent misuse.
Under Article 359, during a National Emergency, the President may suspend enforcement of Fundamental Rights except Articles ______, which cannot be suspended even during Emergency per the 44th Amendment.
- 14 and 19
- 20 and 21
- 25 and 26
- 32 and 226
Answer: 20 and 21
Article 359 non-suspendable rights: (a) Constitutional provision: During Emergency, President may suspend enforcement of Fundamental Rights via Presidential order under Article 359, (b) 44th Amendment safeguard (1978): Articles 20-21 cannot be suspended even during Emergency: (i) Article 20: Protection in respect of conviction for offences (no ex-post facto law, no double jeopardy, no self-incrimination), (ii) Article 21: Protection of life and personal liberty, (c) Rationale: Prevent recurrence of 1975-77 Emergency excesses where habeas corpus petitions were suspended (ADM Jabalpur case); preserve core rights essential to human dignity, rule of law, (d) Applications: (i) Post-1978: Even during Emergency, citizens can challenge detention, conviction violations under Articles 20-21, (ii) Judicial review: Courts retain power to examine whether Emergency proclamation, Presidential orders comply with constitutional limits, (e) Illustrates calibrated rights protection: Enabling crisis response while preserving core rights essential to human dignity, rule of law; balance between national security and individual liberty.
Under Article 356, President's Rule can be extended by Parliamentary resolution every 6 months, but cannot exceed a total of ______ years, ensuring democratic restoration through elections.
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
Answer: 3
Article 356 maximum duration: (a) Constitutional text: President's Rule continues for 6 months after Parliamentary approval; can be extended by Parliamentary resolution every 6 months, (b) Absolute maximum: Cannot exceed 3 years total, regardless of extensions, (c) 44th Amendment safeguard (1978): Extension beyond 1 year requires: (i) National Emergency in operation in India/State, OR (ii) Election Commission certification that elections cannot be held due to extraordinary circumstances, (d) Rationale: Prevent indefinite President's Rule; ensure democratic restoration through elections at earliest opportunity, (e) Applications: (i) Historical use: Some States had prolonged President's Rule (e.g., Punjab in 1980s), but post-1994 stricter scrutiny, (ii) Judicial review: Courts examine whether extensions justified by genuine circumstances, not political convenience, (f) Illustrates democratic federalism: Time limits ensure President's Rule temporary measure; extensions require exceptional justification, preserving State autonomy, democratic mandate.
In SR Bommai v. Union of India (1994), the Supreme Court held that if a proclamation under Article 356 is struck down by courts, the State Assembly can be ______ with the Ministry restored, protecting democratic mandate against arbitrary deprivation.
- dissolved permanently
- revived
- reconstituted by Governor
- replaced by Administrator
Answer: revived
SR Bommai Assembly revival safeguard: (a) Context: Challenge to President's Rule with Assembly dissolution in multiple States, (b) Supreme Court holding: (i) If proclamation under Article 356 struck down by court, State Assembly can be revived with Ministry restored, (ii) Dissolution not automatic; extreme step requiring genuine justification, (iii) Floor test primary method to test majority before dissolution considered, (c) Rationale: (i) Democratic mandate: Elected Assembly represents people's will; revival protects democratic mandate against arbitrary deprivation, (ii) Federal balance: Protects State autonomy against arbitrary Centre overreach, (iii) Constitutional morality: Governor, President act as constitutional functionaries, not political agents, (d) Applications: (i) Post-1994: Courts more willing to revive Assemblies if proclamation invalidated, (ii) Political accountability: Governments must justify dissolution with objective material, not political convenience, (e) Illustrates democratic federalism: Assembly revival safeguard ensures State legislative autonomy protected; judicial review prevents arbitrary deprivation of democratic mandate.