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Answer: True
Judiciary comparison: (a) Constitution: UK - Unwritten (conventions, statutes, case law), India - Written (single document), (b) Judicial Review: UK - Parliament sovereign (courts cannot strike down Acts of Parliament), India - Constitution supreme (SC/HCs can strike down laws violating Constitution), (c) Appointment: UK - Independent Commission, India - Collegium system. India's judicial review protects constitutional supremacy and Fundamental Rights.
Answer: True
From France, India borrowed: (a) Ideals of Liberty, Equality, Fraternity in Preamble (inspired by French Revolution motto 'Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité'), (b) Concept of Republic (head of State elected, not hereditary). These ideals guide constitutional interpretation: Liberty (Fundamental Rights), Equality (Articles 14-18), Fraternity (single citizenship, fundamental duties). Reflects India's commitment to democratic, egalitarian values.
Answer: True
From Germany (Weimar Constitution), India borrowed Emergency provisions: (a) National Emergency (Article 352) for war/external aggression/armed rebellion, (b) Suspension of Fundamental Rights during Emergency (with safeguards added by 44th Amendment), (c) Executive powers during crisis. However, Indian Constitution includes more safeguards (Parliamentary approval, judicial review, non-suspendable rights) to prevent misuse like in Weimar Germany.
Answer: True
From USA, India borrowed: (a) Fundamental Rights (Bill of Rights), (b) Judicial Review power of Supreme Court, (c) Independence of Judiciary, (d) Vice-President as Rajya Sabha Chairman (like US Senate), (e) Preamble's 'We the people' phrase. However, Indian FRs have reasonable restrictions (unlike US absolute rights), and India has parliamentary system (unlike US presidential system).
Answer: True
106th Amendment (Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam, 2023): Inserts Article 330A (Lok Sabha) and 332A (Assemblies) for 33% reservation for women. Implementation: After delimitation based on first census post-enactment; rotation of reserved seats. Also reserves 1/3 of SC/ST reserved seats for women. Aims to enhance women's political participation; long-standing demand of women's movements.
Answer: True
Article 324(5): CEC removal same as Supreme Court Judge: Presidential order after Parliament address with special majority on grounds of proved misbehaviour/incapacity. Other ECs can be removed only on CEC's recommendation. Ensures CEC's independence from executive; protects other Commissioners from arbitrary removal while maintaining collegiality within Commission.
Answer: True
VVPAT introduced following Supreme Court directions (2013): Attached to EVM, generates paper slip showing candidate symbol/name voted for; visible to voter for 7 seconds through transparent window, then drops into sealed box. Enables physical verification of electronic vote; used for random verification (statistical sample) to ensure EVM integrity. Balances technology efficiency with voter confidence.
Answer: True
Election Symbols Order, 1968: Recognized parties must: (a) Conduct organizational elections periodically, (b) Maintain membership records, (c) Submit audited accounts to ECI, (d) Follow internal democratic procedures. Non-compliance can lead to derecognition. Aims to promote inner-party democracy, though enforcement remains challenging due to lack of statutory backing.
Answer: True
Articles 83(2) and 172(1): Lok Sabha/State Assembly term is 5 years unless dissolved earlier. For simultaneous elections: (a) Need to synchronize terms, possibly curtailing/extending tenure, (b) May require amendments to Articles 83, 172, 356 (President's Rule), (c) Requires political consensus and possibly ratification by States if affecting federal provisions. Law Commission (2018) and ECI have recommended exploring feasibility.
Answer: True
Section 29B, R.P. Act: Political parties can accept donations; donations above ₹20,000 must be reported to ECI with donor details. Electoral Bonds Scheme (2018-2024) allowed anonymous donations via banks, but Supreme Court struck it down in 2024 (ADR case) citing transparency and right to information. Ongoing debate on political funding reforms.
Answer: False
MCC is not statutory; it's a set of guidelines evolved by consensus among political parties and enforced by EC under Article 324's plenary powers. Violations can lead to EC actions: censure, campaign ban, derecognition, but not criminal prosecution. Supreme Court has upheld EC's power to enforce MCC as part of 'direction and control' of elections.
Answer: True
Article 326: Elections to Lok Sabha and State Assemblies shall be on basis of adult suffrage: every citizen aged 18+ years (reduced from 21 by 61st Amendment, 1988) not disqualified under Constitution or law on grounds of non-residence, unsound mind, crime, or corrupt/illegal practice, is entitled to be registered as voter. Foundation of representative democracy in India.
Answer: True
Intersectionality in rights legislation: Recognizes that disadvantages multiply across identities (gender, caste, disability, location). Examples: (a) NFSA: Priority to women (eldest woman head of household for ration card), children (ICDS, mid-day meals), SC/ST households, (b) RTE: 25% reservation for EWS/disadvantaged groups including SC/ST, (c) RPwD Act: Special provisions for women/girls with disabilities. Holistic approach ensures rights reach most marginalized; requires disaggregated data, targeted outreach, inclusive implementation.
Answer: True
Rights-based legislations often create monitoring architecture: (a) RTE Act: NCPCR/SCPCRs monitor implementation, inquire into violations, (b) NFSA: State Food Commissions monitor PDS, (c) MGNREGA: Social audits by Gram Sabhas, independent evaluations, (d) RTI Act: Information Commissions adjudicate appeals. These bodies provide: (a) Expert oversight, (b) Grievance redressal, (c) Policy recommendations. Effectiveness depends on independence, capacity, resources, and government responsiveness to recommendations.
Answer: True
Technology in rights-based delivery: (a) Aadhaar seeding: Reduces ghost beneficiaries in PDS (NFSA), MGNREGA, (b) Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT): Ensures wages/subsidies reach beneficiaries directly, (c) Mobile apps: RTI online filing, MGNREGA muster roll access, NFSA ration tracking, (d) GIS mapping: Monitor infrastructure under RTE, MGNREGA. Challenges: Digital divide, privacy concerns, exclusion errors due to authentication failures. Technology is enabler, not substitute for robust institutions and human oversight.
Answer: True
PC-PNDT Act, 1994 (amended 2003): Prohibits: (a) Use of prenatal diagnostic techniques for sex selection, (b) Sale/distribution/use of ultrasound machines without registration, (c) Communication of sex of foetus. Provides for: (a) Regulation of genetic counselling centres, laboratories, clinics, (b) Penalties: imprisonment, fine, license cancellation. Implementation challenges: clandestine practices, social son preference, need for community mobilization alongside enforcement. Critical for addressing gender-biased sex selection.
Answer: True
Maternity Benefit (Amendment) Act, 2017: Key changes: (a) Paid maternity leave: 26 weeks (up from 12) for first two children, (b) 12 weeks for adoptive/commissioning mothers, (c) Crèche facility mandatory for establishments with 50+ employees, (d) Work from home option after maternity period. Aims to improve maternal/child health, women's workforce participation. Challenges: potential disincentive for employers to hire women, need for state support for small enterprises.
Answer: True
Rights-based legislations transform policy commitments into justiciable rights: (a) RTE Act: Parents can approach courts if child denied admission, (b) NFSA: Beneficiaries can seek grievance redressal, (c) MGNREGA: Workers can claim unemployment allowance if work not provided. However, enforcement depends on: (a) Awareness of rights, (b) Access to grievance mechanisms, (c) Administrative capacity, (d) Judicial responsiveness. Rights on paper require institutional mechanisms and political will for effective realization.
Answer: False
RTI Act, Section 8(1): Lists exemptions including information which would prejudicially affect: (a) Sovereignty/integrity of India, (b) Security, strategic, scientific, economic interests of State, (c) Relation with foreign State, (d) Incitement to offence. Such information may be denied even if not explicitly covered by OSA. However, Section 8(2): Even exempt information must be disclosed if public interest in disclosure outweighs harm. Balances transparency with legitimate security concerns; courts decide on case-by-case basis.
Answer: True
RTE Act, 2009: Applies to all India except J&K (which had separate Constitution under Article 370). Post-abrogation of Article 370 (2019), RTE Act extended to J&K. Act mandates: (a) Free education for 6-14 years, (b) 25% reservation in private unaided schools for EWS/disadvantaged groups, (c) No detention policy (modified by 2019 amendment), (d) Teacher qualification standards. Implementation varies across States; challenges include infrastructure gaps, teacher shortages, learning outcomes.