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Virtual memory allows a computer to use hard disk space as an extension of RAM.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Virtual memory is a memory management technique where the OS uses a portion of hard disk (page file/swap space) as an extension of physical RAM. Allows running programs larger than available RAM by swapping inactive pages to disk. Slower than physical RAM but enables multitasking and larger address spaces.
Quantum computers can break all existing encryption algorithms instantly.
- True
- False
Answer: False
Quantum computers threaten asymmetric algorithms like RSA and ECC using Shor's algorithm, but not all encryption. Symmetric algorithms (AES) require larger key sizes for quantum resistance. Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) is being standardized by NIST. Practical large-scale quantum computers capable of breaking encryption are still years away.
Two-factor authentication (2FA) completely eliminates the risk of account compromise.
- True
- False
Answer: False
2FA significantly reduces risk but doesn't eliminate it. Attackers can bypass 2FA via SIM swapping, phishing for OTPs, malware capturing tokens, or social engineering. Best practice: use authenticator apps or hardware tokens instead of SMS, monitor account activity, and use unique passwords.
4D printing adds the dimension of time, enabling 3D printed objects to change shape or properties in response to stimuli.
- True
- False
Answer: True
4D printing uses smart materials (shape-memory polymers, hydrogels) that transform when exposed to heat, moisture, light, or magnetic fields. Applications: self-assembling structures, adaptive medical devices, and responsive textiles. Emerging research area with potential in aerospace, healthcare, and soft robotics.
Zero-knowledge proofs allow verification of a statement without revealing the underlying data.
- True
- False
Answer: True
ZK-proofs enable one party to prove knowledge of a secret (e.g., valid transaction) without revealing the secret itself. Applications: privacy-preserving cryptocurrencies (Zcash), identity verification, and confidential smart contracts. Computationally intensive but advancing with zk-SNARKs/zk-STARKs. Critical for privacy and scalability questions.
The metaverse concept includes persistent virtual worlds that continue to exist even when users log off.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Persistence is a defining feature of metaverse: virtual environments, economies, and social interactions continue evolving independently of individual user presence. Enabled by cloud infrastructure, blockchain state, and server-side simulation. Critical for distinguishing metaverse from ephemeral VR experiences or video games.
Quantum cryptography (QKD) provides theoretically unbreakable encryption based on quantum physics principles.
- True
- False
Answer: True
QKD (Quantum Key Distribution) uses quantum properties (no-cloning theorem, measurement disturbance) to detect eavesdropping during key exchange. If intercepted, quantum states change, alerting parties. Provides information-theoretic security, unlike computational security of RSA/ECC. Deployed in limited networks; scaling challenges remain.
SLAM (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping) enables robots to navigate unknown environments without pre-existing maps.
- True
- False
Answer: True
SLAM algorithms use sensor data (LIDAR, cameras, IMU) to build a map of an unknown environment while simultaneously tracking the robot's location within it. Critical for autonomous vehicles, drones, and service robots. Combines probabilistic filtering, optimization, and machine learning. Important for robotics navigation questions.
Metal 3D printing can produce parts with mechanical properties comparable to traditionally manufactured components.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Advanced metal AM processes (SLM, EBM, DMLS) produce fully dense parts with mechanical properties meeting aerospace/medical standards. Post-processing (heat treatment, machining) may be required. Advantages: design freedom, part consolidation, and rapid iteration. Challenges: cost, surface finish, and certification. Important for advanced manufacturing questions.
Private blockchains require permission to join and are suitable for enterprise use cases.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Private/permissioned blockchains restrict participation to authorized entities, offering higher throughput, privacy, and regulatory compliance. Used in supply chain, trade finance, and consortium applications (e.g., Hyperledger, Corda). Contrast with public blockchains (Bitcoin, Ethereum) which are open and decentralized. Important for enterprise blockchain questions.
Interoperability between different metaverse platforms allows users to carry digital assets across virtual worlds.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Interoperability enables avatars, items, and currencies to move between platforms using open standards (like OpenXR, blockchain-based NFTs). Critical for user adoption and metaverse value. Current challenges: proprietary ecosystems, technical standards, and governance. Industry consortia (Metaverse Standards Forum) working on solutions.
Quantum supremacy means quantum computers can solve all problems faster than classical computers.
- True
- False
Answer: False
Quantum supremacy (demonstrated by Google in 2019) means a quantum computer solved a specific, contrived problem faster than the best classical supercomputer. It does NOT mean quantum computers are universally superior. Most practical problems still favor classical computers. Quantum advantage (practical usefulness) remains a research goal.
Collaborative robots (cobots) are designed to work safely alongside humans without safety cages.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Cobots feature force-limited joints, speed monitoring, and collision detection to ensure safe human-robot interaction. Used in assembly, packaging, and healthcare where flexibility and close collaboration are needed. Contrast with industrial robots requiring fenced workcells. Important for Industry 4.0 and workplace safety questions.
3D bioprinting can currently create fully functional human organs for transplantation.
- True
- False
Answer: False
While 3D bioprinting can create tissue constructs and simple structures (skin, cartilage), fully functional complex organs (heart, kidney) with vascular networks remain a research challenge. Current applications: drug testing, disease modeling, and custom implants. Significant advances needed in biomaterials, cell sourcing, and vascularization.
India's National Mission on Quantum Technologies & Applications (NM-QTA) has a budget allocation of ₹8000 crore for 5 years.
- True
- False
Answer: True
NM-QTA, launched in 2020, allocates ₹8000 crore over 5 years for research in quantum computing, communication, sensing, and materials. Implemented by DST with participation from IITs, IISc, and industry. Aims to position India as a global leader in quantum technologies. Critical for science policy and emerging tech questions.
The PM-KISAN scheme uses Aadhaar authentication for direct benefit transfer to farmers.
- True
- False
Answer: True
PM-KISAN provides ₹6,000/year income support to farmer families via DBT. Aadhaar authentication ensures accurate beneficiary identification and reduces leakage. Integrated with land records and bank accounts. Critical for digital governance and agricultural welfare questions.
The National Digital Education Architecture (NDEAR) provides blueprints for interoperable education technology systems.
- True
- False
Answer: True
NDEAR is a framework of specifications and standards enabling interoperability among education apps, platforms, and data systems. Supports innovation while ensuring privacy, security, and portability. Critical for scalable, inclusive digital education ecosystem under NEP 2020.
The Startup India Seed Fund Scheme provides financial assistance for proof of concept and commercialization.
- True
- False
Answer: True
SISFS provides up to ₹20 lakh for proof of concept and ₹50 lakh for commercialization via incubators. Targets early-stage startups in innovation-driven sectors. Part of Startup India ecosystem support. Critical for understanding government funding mechanisms for entrepreneurship.
The BrahMos missile is a joint venture between India and Russia for supersonic cruise missiles.
- True
- False
Answer: True
BrahMos Aerospace is a JV between DRDO and Russia's NPO Mashinostroyeniya. BrahMos missiles (290-450 km range, Mach 2.8-3 speed) are deployed by Army, Navy, and Air Force. Land-attack variant tested successfully. Represents successful international defense collaboration. Critical for strategic studies questions.
The e-Sanjeevani platform provides free teleconsultation services to citizens across India.
- True
- False
Answer: True
e-Sanjeevani is a national telemedicine service enabling doctor-to-doctor and patient-to-doctor consultations via video. Over 100 million consultations delivered, especially valuable for rural access. Integrated with ABDM for health records. Critical for digital health infrastructure questions.