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Which practice involves defining infrastructure and configuration in version-controlled code files?
- Infrastructure as Code
- Configuration Management
- GitOps
- All of these
Answer: All of these
IaC (Terraform), Configuration Management (Ansible), and GitOps all use version-controlled code to define infrastructure/app state. Enables: repeatability, auditability, peer review, and automated testing. Critical for modern DevOps practices and cloud operations questions.
Which Kubernetes object stores non-confidential configuration data for pods to consume?
- Secret
- ConfigMap
- PersistentVolume
- Namespace
Answer: ConfigMap
ConfigMap stores configuration data (environment variables, config files) as key-value pairs for pods. Secret is for sensitive data (base64-encoded); PersistentVolume for storage; Namespace for resource isolation. Critical for Kubernetes configuration management questions.
Which provision of IT Act 2000 deals with punishment for unauthorized access to computer systems?
- Section 43
- Section 66
- Section 66C
- Section 67
Answer: Section 66
Section 66 prescribes punishment (up to 3 years + fine) for computer-related offenses: unauthorized access, data theft, introducing viruses. Section 43 covers civil liability; 66C is identity theft; 67 is obscene content. Critical for cyber law awareness in exams.
Which data quality dimension ensures data values conform to defined formats and ranges?
- Accuracy
- Completeness
- Validity
- Consistency
Answer: Validity
Validity ensures data conforms to business rules, formats, and value ranges (e.g., email format, date ranges). Other dimensions: Accuracy (correctness), Completeness (no missing values), Consistency (across systems). Critical for data governance and quality management questions.
Which technique encrypts data in use, enabling computation on encrypted data without decryption?
- Homomorphic Encryption
- Format-Preserving Encryption
- Tokenization
- Data Masking
Answer: Homomorphic Encryption
Homomorphic Encryption allows computations on ciphertext, producing encrypted results that decrypt to correct output. Enables privacy-preserving cloud analytics, secure voting, and confidential AI. Still computationally intensive but advancing with research. Critical for privacy-enhancing technologies.
Which tool is commonly used for infrastructure provisioning using declarative configuration?
- Jenkins
- Terraform
- Ansible
- Docker
Answer: Terraform
Terraform (HashiCorp) uses HCL declarative language to provision cloud resources across providers (AWS, Azure, GCP). Supports state management, modules, and plan/apply workflow. Ansible is configuration management; Jenkins is CI/CD; Docker is containerization. Critical for IaC questions.
Which pattern enables gradual rollout of new features to a subset of users for testing?
- Blue-Green Deployment
- Canary Release
- Feature Toggles
- A/B Testing
Answer: Canary Release
Canary Release deploys new version to small user subset (canary group), monitors metrics, and gradually expands if stable. Reduces risk vs big-bang releases. Implemented via service mesh, load balancers, or feature flags. Critical for safe deployment strategies.
Which authority adjudicates disputes under the Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023?
- CERT-In
- Data Protection Board of India
- TRAI
- MeitY
Answer: Data Protection Board of India
Data Protection Board of India is independent regulatory body established under DPDP Act 2023 to: adjudicate disputes, impose penalties, and enforce compliance. Distinct from CERT-In (cyber incidents) and MeitY (policy). Critical for data governance questions.
Which data modeling approach is optimized for analytical queries with denormalized schemas?
- Third Normal Form
- Star Schema
- Entity-Relationship
- Graph Model
Answer: Star Schema
Star Schema (data warehousing) uses denormalized fact tables linked to dimension tables for fast analytical queries. Optimizes read performance at cost of storage redundancy. Contrasts with 3NF (normalized for OLTP). Critical for BI and analytics architecture questions.
Which attack exploits speculative execution vulnerabilities in CPUs to leak sensitive data?
- Meltdown/Spectre
- Rowhammer
- BlueBorne
- Log4Shell
Answer: Meltdown/Spectre
Meltdown/Spectre (2018) exploit CPU speculative execution and cache side-channels to read kernel memory or other processes' data. Mitigated via microcode updates, OS patches, and compiler fixes. Highlights hardware-level security challenges. Critical for system security questions.
Which practice involves automatically rolling back deployments when error rates exceed thresholds?
- Canary Release
- Automated Rollback
- Feature Flags
- Chaos Engineering
Answer: Automated Rollback
Automated Rollback uses monitoring alerts (error rate, latency) to trigger immediate reversion to previous stable version. Reduces MTTR and blast radius of bad releases. Implemented via CI/CD pipelines and SRE runbooks. Critical for production reliability practices.
Which Kubernetes resource provides stable network identity and DNS name for pods?
- Deployment
- StatefulSet
- DaemonSet
- ReplicaSet
Answer: StatefulSet
StatefulSet manages stateful applications: provides stable pod names (pod-0, pod-1), persistent storage, and ordered deployment/scaling. Used for databases, Kafka, etc. Deployment is for stateless apps; DaemonSet runs one pod per node; ReplicaSet manages pod replicas.
Which CERT-In direction mandates synchronization of IT system clocks with National Time Server?
- Direction 12
- Direction 20
- Direction 44
- Direction 66
Answer: Direction 20
CERT-In Direction 20 (April 2022) requires service providers to synchronize ICT system clocks with NIC's National Time Server for accurate incident timeline correlation. Also mandates 6-hour incident reporting and 180-day log retention. Critical for cybersecurity compliance questions.
Which technology enables distributed processing of large datasets across clusters?
- MySQL
- Apache Spark
- MongoDB
- Redis
Answer: Apache Spark
Apache Spark provides in-memory distributed computing for big data: batch, streaming, ML, graph processing. Faster than Hadoop MapReduce due to in-memory processing. Supports Scala, Python, SQL. Critical for big data engineering and analytics questions.
Which technique analyzes network traffic patterns to detect anomalies without known signatures?
- Signature-based Detection
- Behavioral Analytics
- Heuristic Analysis
- Sandboxing
Answer: Behavioral Analytics
Behavioral Analytics uses ML to establish baselines of normal behavior and flag deviations indicating threats (insider threats, zero-days). Complements signature-based detection. Implemented in UEBA, NDR solutions. Critical for next-gen SOC and threat hunting questions.
Which metric measures the time from code commit to production deployment?
- Mean Time to Recovery
- Deployment Frequency
- Lead Time for Changes
- Change Failure Rate
Answer: Lead Time for Changes
Lead Time for Changes (DORA metric) measures time from code commit to successful production deployment. Key indicator of delivery speed and process efficiency. Other DORA metrics: Deployment Frequency, Change Failure Rate, MTTR. Critical for DevOps performance questions.
Which Kubernetes object defines the desired state for a set of identical pods?
- Pod
- Service
- Deployment
- ConfigMap
Answer: Deployment
Deployment manages replica sets of pods: defines replicas, update strategy, rollback, and scaling. Ensures desired state is maintained. Pod is smallest deployable unit; Service exposes pods; ConfigMap stores configuration. Critical for Kubernetes administration questions.
Which provision of DPDP Act 2023 requires significant data fiduciaries to appoint a Data Protection Officer?
- Section 10
- Section 20
- Section 30
- Section 40
Answer: Section 10
Section 10 of DPDP Act mandates Significant Data Fiduciaries (based on data volume, sensitivity, risk) to appoint DPO, conduct audits, and implement grievance redressal. Enhances accountability for high-risk data processing. Critical for compliance and governance questions.
Which data format is most efficient for columnar storage and analytics workloads?
- CSV
- JSON
- Parquet
- XML
Answer: Parquet
Parquet is a columnar storage format optimized for analytics: efficient compression, predicate pushdown, and schema evolution. Reduces I/O by reading only required columns. Used in Spark, Hive, Presto. CSV/JSON are row-oriented; XML is verbose. Critical for big data engineering questions.
Which attack exploits trust relationships between cloud services to escalate privileges?
- Phishing
- Cloud Jacking
- Identity Federation Attack
- API Abuse
Answer: Identity Federation Attack
Identity federation attacks exploit trust between identity providers (IdP) and service providers (SP) in SSO setups. Attackers compromise IdP to gain access to multiple federated services. Mitigation: MFA, short-lived tokens, strict trust policies. Critical for cloud security architecture questions.