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Which technique enables machine learning on decentralized data without sharing raw datasets?
- Centralized Training
- Federated Learning
- Data Warehousing
- ETL
Answer: Federated Learning
Federated Learning trains models across devices/servers holding local data, sharing only model updates. Preserves privacy while enabling collaborative AI. Used in healthcare, finance, and mobile keyboards. Critical for privacy-preserving AI questions.
Which CERT-In direction mandates reporting of cybersecurity incidents within 6 hours?
- Direction 12
- Direction 20
- Direction 44
- Direction 66
Answer: Direction 20
CERT-In Direction 20 (April 2022) requires service providers to report cyber incidents within 6 hours, maintain logs for 180 days, and synchronize clocks with National Time Server. Critical for incident response compliance questions.
Which platform enables video-based virtual court hearings in India?
- e-Courts
- Video Conferencing
- Both A and B
- None
Answer: Both A and B
e-Courts project integrates video conferencing for virtual hearings, e-filing, and case management. Enhanced during pandemic for access to justice. Critical for digital governance and judicial reform questions.
Which cloud security tool continuously monitors configurations for compliance violations?
- CSPM
- CWPP
- CASB
- SIEM
Answer: CSPM
CSPM (Cloud Security Posture Management) automates detection/remediation of misconfigurations (public S3 buckets, open ports). Critical for preventing cloud breaches. CWPP protects workloads; CASB governs SaaS; SIEM aggregates logs. Important for cloud security operations questions.
Which framework provides guidelines for managing cybersecurity risk in organizations?
- ISO 9001
- NIST Cybersecurity Framework
- ITIL
- COBIT
Answer: NIST Cybersecurity Framework
NIST CSF (Identify, Protect, Detect, Respond, Recover) provides flexible, risk-based approach to cybersecurity management. Widely adopted globally and referenced in Indian policies. Critical for security governance and compliance questions.
Which technology optimizes energy consumption in buildings using sensors and AI?
- Smart Grids
- Building Management Systems
- IoT + AI Analytics
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Smart buildings integrate IoT sensors (occupancy, temperature), BMS for HVAC/lighting control, and AI for predictive optimization. Reduces energy waste by 20-40%. Critical for green building and energy efficiency questions.
Which security challenge is unique to IoT devices compared to traditional IT systems?
- Phishing Attacks
- Physical Tampering
- SQL Injection
- All of these
Answer: Physical Tampering
IoT devices are often deployed in accessible locations, vulnerable to physical tampering, theft, or environmental attacks. Requires hardware security modules, secure boot, and tamper-evident designs. Critical for IoT security architecture questions.
Which Web3 technology enables decentralized ownership and transfer of digital assets?
- Cloud Storage
- Blockchain/NFTs
- Centralized Databases
- APIs
Answer: Blockchain/NFTs
Blockchain with NFTs (Non-Fungible Tokens) enables verifiable digital ownership, provenance tracking, and peer-to-peer transfers without intermediaries. Applications: art, gaming, identity, supply chain. Critical for understanding Web3 and digital economy questions.
Which India Stack component provides verified digital documents with legal validity?
- Aadhaar
- UPI
- DigiLocker
- e-Sign
Answer: DigiLocker
DigiLocker enables citizens to store/share government-issued documents (license, certificates) digitally. Documents have legal validity under IT Act. Integrates with Aadhaar for authentication. Critical for paperless governance and digital inclusion questions.
Which computer vision task involves identifying and locating objects within images?
- Image Classification
- Object Detection
- Semantic Segmentation
- All of these
Answer: Object Detection
Object Detection identifies AND locates multiple objects with bounding boxes (YOLO, R-CNN). Image Classification assigns single label; Semantic Segmentation labels each pixel. Critical for autonomous vehicles, surveillance, and medical imaging applications.
Which technology enables tracking of product carbon footprint across supply chains?
- Blockchain
- IoT Sensors
- AI Analytics
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Carbon tracking combines: IoT sensors (emission data), blockchain (immutable records), and AI (pattern analysis) for end-to-end footprint visibility. Enables carbon accounting, offset verification, and sustainable sourcing. Critical for ESG and climate governance questions.
Which edge computing benefit reduces latency for real-time applications?
- Centralized Processing
- Data Processing Near Source
- Cloud-Only Architecture
- Batch Processing
Answer: Data Processing Near Source
Edge computing processes data close to IoT devices/sensors, reducing round-trip latency to cloud. Critical for autonomous vehicles, industrial automation, and AR/VR. Complements cloud for hierarchical processing. Key for distributed systems architecture questions.
Which standard defines decentralized identifiers (DIDs) for self-sovereign digital identity?
- OAuth 2.0
- W3C DID Specification
- SAML
- OpenID Connect
Answer: W3C DID Specification
W3C DID Specification enables users to create/own identifiers without central authorities. DIDs resolve to DID Documents containing public keys and service endpoints. Foundation for portable, privacy-preserving identity in Web3 and metaverse. Critical for digital identity standards questions.
Which component of India Stack enables consent-based sharing of personal data?
- Aadhaar
- UPI
- Account Aggregator
- DigiLocker
Answer: Account Aggregator
Account Aggregator framework enables consent-based financial data sharing between institutions. Users control data flow via AA apps. Part of India Stack's layered DPI: identity (Aadhaar), payments (UPI), data sharing (AA), documents (DigiLocker). Critical for digital governance questions.
Which AI technique is used for generating realistic images from text descriptions?
- GANs
- Diffusion Models
- Both A and B
- Decision Trees
Answer: Both A and B
Both GANs (Generative Adversarial Networks) and Diffusion Models (DALL-E, Stable Diffusion) generate images from text. GANs use generator-discriminator competition; diffusion models iteratively denoise random noise. Critical for understanding generative AI applications in creative industries and exams.
Which technology enables high-speed data transmission from satellites to ground stations?
- L-band
- Ka-band
- VHF
- UHF
Answer: Ka-band
Ka-band (26.5-40 GHz) offers high bandwidth for satellite broadband, earth observation data downlink, and inter-satellite links. Challenges: rain attenuation, requiring adaptive coding. Critical for satellite communication and space infrastructure questions.
Which application uses piezoelectric materials for energy harvesting?
- Solar Panels
- Vibration-to-Electricity Conversion
- Wind Turbines
- Thermoelectric Generators
Answer: Vibration-to-Electricity Conversion
Piezoelectrics generate voltage when mechanically stressed, enabling energy harvesting from vibrations (machinery, footsteps, vehicles). Powers wireless sensors, wearables. India researches at IITs and DRDO. Critical for IoT and sustainable energy questions.
Which attack exploits race conditions in software to gain unauthorized privileges?
- Buffer Overflow
- Time-of-Check-Time-of-Use
- SQL Injection
- Cross-Site Scripting
Answer: Time-of-Check-Time-of-Use
TOCTOU attacks exploit window between permission check and resource use, allowing privilege escalation or data corruption. Mitigation: atomic operations, locking, and careful design. Critical for secure coding and system security questions.
Which metric compares the cost of storing one kilowatt-hour of energy over system lifetime?
- Energy Density
- Levelized Cost of Storage
- Round-Trip Efficiency
- Power Rating
Answer: Levelized Cost of Storage
LCOS = (Total Lifetime Cost) / (Total Energy Delivered). Enables apples-to-apples comparison of storage technologies considering CAPEX, OPEX, efficiency, cycle life, and degradation. Critical for energy planning and investment decisions in policy exams.
Which semiconductor material is preferred for high-power, high-temperature applications?
- Silicon
- Gallium Arsenide
- Silicon Carbide
- Germanium
Answer: Silicon Carbide
SiC offers: wide bandgap (high breakdown voltage), high thermal conductivity, and high-temperature operation vs silicon. Used in EV inverters, renewable inverters, industrial drives. India's semiconductor mission includes SiC/GaN compound semiconductors.