Technology – GK Questions

Resilience patterns: self-healing replaces failed instances, circuit breaker prevents cascading failures, retry logic handles transient errors. Combined for fault-tolerant cloud applications.

OECD AI Principles (2019) provide values-based guidelines: inclusive growth, human-centered values, transparency, robustness, accountability. India endorses for domestic policy alignment.

National Cyber Security Strategy (draft) addresses: critical infrastructure protection, cyber diplomacy, capacity building, public-private partnerships. Foundation for India's cyber defense posture.

Data Protection Board of India (under DPDP Act 2023) adjudicates disputes, imposes penalties, enforces compliance. Distinct from CERT-In (cyber incidents) and MeitY (policy).

MeitY's FOSS policy encourages government adoption of open-source for cost-effectiveness, security, and vendor independence. Critical for sustainable digital governance.

High-dimensional handling: dimensionality reduction (PCA, autoencoders) compresses features; sparse representations (L1 regularization) select relevant features. Critical for text, recommendation systems.

Feature scaling (standardization, normalization) prevents features with large ranges from dominating model learning. Critical for distance-based algorithms and gradient descent optimization.

Time series visualization: line charts show trends clearly, area charts emphasize volume. Both effective for temporal data analysis and forecasting communication.

Managed API gateways (AWS API Gateway, GCP Endpoints) handle routing, auth, throttling, monitoring. Critical for secure, scalable microservices exposure.

Threat hunting uses hypotheses, analytics, and analyst expertise to find hidden adversaries. Complements automated detection. Critical for advanced persistent threat defense.

SIEM platforms aggregate logs from network, endpoint, application sources, enabling correlation, alerting, and investigation. Foundation for modern security operations.

Continuous training pipelines monitor data drift, performance metrics, and trigger retraining with validation. Critical for maintaining ML system relevance in dynamic environments.

Fairness testing: bias audits detect disparate impact, fairness metrics (demographic parity, equalized odds) quantify equity. Critical for ethical AI deployment in regulated sectors.

Code LLMs (Codex, CodeLlama) trained on code repositories enable natural language to code generation, debugging, and documentation. Critical for developer productivity tools.

Instruction tuning fine-tunes LLMs on datasets of instructions and desired responses, improving task completion and helpfulness. Foundation for chat-optimized models.

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) combines LLMs with vector search over document collections, grounding responses in verified sources. Reduces hallucinations and enables knowledge updates.

ICANN coordinates domain names, IP addresses, protocol parameters. Multi-stakeholder model ensures open, interoperable internet. India participates through government and civil society.

Digital Public Goods Alliance curates open-source solutions; G20 DPI Framework promotes interoperable identity, payments, data sharing. India leads global DPI advocacy.

Digital India ecosystem: UMANG for service delivery, MyGov for citizen engagement, DigiLocker for documents. Integrated approach for inclusive digital governance.

NM-ICPS (DST) funds R&D in AI, IoT, robotics, quantum technologies. Aims to build indigenous capabilities and innovation ecosystem. Critical for strategic technology questions.