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The Montreal Protocol (1987) primarily addresses the phase-out of:
- Greenhouse gases
- Ozone-depleting substances
- Plastic waste
- Nuclear waste
Answer: Ozone-depleting substances
Montreal Protocol targets CFCs, halons, and other ODS to protect stratospheric ozone. It's considered one of the most successful environmental treaties. India ratified it in 1992. [[UNEP, NCERT Geography Class 11]]
Which element is commonly used as a dopant to create n-type semiconductors?
- Boron
- Aluminum
- Phosphorus
- Gallium
Answer: Phosphorus
Phosphorus (Group 15) has 5 valence electrons. When doped into silicon (Group 14), the extra electron becomes free for conduction, creating n-type semiconductor. Boron creates p-type. Fundamental for electronics. [[NCERT Physics Class 12]]
Baking soda is chemically known as:
- Sodium carbonate
- Sodium bicarbonate
- Sodium hydroxide
- Sodium chloride
Answer: Sodium bicarbonate
Baking soda is NaHCO₃ (sodium hydrogen carbonate). It releases CO₂ when heated or mixed with acid, causing dough to rise. Common household chemical with exam relevance. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 10]]
BCG vaccine is given to prevent:
- Polio
- Tuberculosis
- Measles
- Hepatitis B
Answer: Tuberculosis
BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) vaccine provides immunity against tuberculosis, especially severe forms in children. Part of India's Universal Immunization Programme. [[MoHFW Guidelines, NCERT Biology Class 12]]
If the distance between two masses is doubled, the gravitational force becomes:
- Half
- Double
- One-fourth
- Four times
Answer: One-fourth
Newton's law: F ∝ 1/r². Doubling distance (r→2r) reduces force to F/4. Inverse-square law applies to gravity, light intensity, etc. [[NCERT Physics Class 11]]
The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) in India is headed by:
- President
- Prime Minister
- Home Minister
- Defense Minister
Answer: Prime Minister
NDMA, established under Disaster Management Act 2005, is chaired by the Prime Minister for policy planning and coordination of disaster response. Important for governance and current affairs. [[NDMA Guidelines, NCERT Geography Class 11]]
Which compound gives violet color with neutral FeCl₃ solution?
- Ethanol
- Phenol
- Diethyl ether
- Methanol
Answer: Phenol
Phenol forms colored complexes with FeCl₃ (violet for phenol), used as a test for phenolic -OH group. Alcohols do not give this test. Important for organic qualitative analysis. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
Which method is a barrier method of contraception?
- Oral pills
- IUD
- Condom
- Sterilization
Answer: Condom
Condoms (male/female) physically block sperm-egg contact, also preventing STIs. Barrier methods differ from hormonal (pills) or surgical (sterilization) methods. Important for health awareness. [[NCERT Biology Class 12, MoHFW Guidelines]]
The phenomenon where light bends around obstacles is called:
- Reflection
- Refraction
- Diffraction
- Dispersion
Answer: Diffraction
Diffraction is the bending of waves around obstacles or through openings, characteristic of wave behavior. Explains patterns in single-slit experiments. Important for wave optics. [[NCERT Physics Class 12]]
IoT stands for:
- Internet of Technology
- Internet of Things
- Integration of Tools
- Interface of Tasks
Answer: Internet of Things
IoT refers to interconnected devices (sensors, appliances) exchanging data via internet. Applications include smart homes, healthcare, agriculture. Emerging topic for tech awareness. [[NITI Aayog Reports]]
Which vitamin is water-soluble?
- Vitamin A
- Vitamin D
- Vitamin K
- Vitamin C
Answer: Vitamin C
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and B-complex vitamins are water-soluble; excess is excreted in urine. Vitamins A, D, E, K are fat-soluble and stored in liver. Important for nutrition questions. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
Organisms that prepare their own food are called:
- Heterotrophs
- Autotrophs
- Saprotrophs
- Parasites
Answer: Autotrophs
Autotrophs (e.g., plants, cyanobacteria) synthesize organic compounds from inorganic sources via photosynthesis/chemosynthesis. They form the base of food chains. Basic ecology concept. [[NCERT Biology Class 12]]
Total internal reflection occurs when light travels from:
- Rarer to denser medium
- Denser to rarer medium
- Vacuum to glass
- Air to water
Answer: Denser to rarer medium
When light moves from denser (e.g., glass) to rarer medium (e.g., air) at angle > critical angle, it reflects entirely back. Used in optical fibers, prisms. Fundamental optics principle. [[NCERT Physics Class 12]]
How many Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were adopted by UN in 2015?
- 15
- 17
- 20
- 25
Answer: 17
The UN's 2030 Agenda has 17 SDGs with 169 targets addressing poverty, inequality, climate change, etc. India actively participates in SDG implementation. Crucial for current affairs. [[NITI Aayog SDG Reports, NCERT Geography Class 11]]
The rate of a chemical reaction doubles for every 10°C rise in temperature. This is described by:
- Arrhenius equation
- Le Chatelier's principle
- Hardy-Schulze rule
- Van't Hoff rule
Answer: Van't Hoff rule
Van't Hoff approximation states reaction rate roughly doubles per 10°C temperature increase. Arrhenius equation gives precise temperature dependence. Important for kinetics problems. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
Which cells produce antibodies in the human body?
- Red blood cells
- Platelets
- B-lymphocytes
- T-lymphocytes
Answer: B-lymphocytes
B-cells (B-lymphocytes) differentiate into plasma cells that secrete antibodies specific to antigens. T-cells assist in cell-mediated immunity. Central to adaptive immune response. [[NCERT Biology Class 12]]
Photoelectric effect demonstrates the ________ nature of light.
- Wave
- Particle
- Dual
- Electromagnetic
Answer: Particle
Einstein explained photoelectric effect using photons (light quanta), showing particle behavior. This contributed to quantum theory. Wave nature is shown by interference/diffraction. [[NCERT Physics Class 12]]
ISRO's Mars Orbiter Mission is also known as:
- Chandrayaan-1
- Mangalyaan
- Gaganyaan
- Aditya-L1
Answer: Mangalyaan
Mangalyaan (Mars Orbiter Mission) made India the first Asian nation to reach Mars orbit (2014). It studied Martian surface and atmosphere. Important for current affairs and science sections. [[ISRO Reports, NCERT Geography Class 11]]
Which of the following is a natural polymer?
- Polythene
- PVC
- Cellulose
- Nylon
Answer: Cellulose
Cellulose (in plant cell walls) is a natural polymer of glucose. Polythene, PVC, Nylon are synthetic polymers. Understanding polymer types is important for materials science. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
CRISPR-Cas9 is a technology used for:
- DNA sequencing
- Gene editing
- Protein synthesis
- Cloning
Answer: Gene editing
CRISPR-Cas9 allows precise modification of DNA sequences by cutting at targeted locations. It has applications in medicine, agriculture, and research. Emerging topic for science and tech sections. [[DBT Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]