Science – Medium Level – GK Questions

Visible light: 4×10¹⁴ Hz (red) to 8×10¹⁴ Hz (violet); wavelength 700-400 nm. Higher frequency than IR, lower than UV. Important for EM spectrum questions. [[NCERT Physics Class 12]]

SO₂ and NOₓ from industries/vehicles react with atmospheric water to form H₂SO₄ and HNO₃, causing acid rain (pH < 5.6). Damages monuments, ecosystems, health. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 11, CPCB Reports]]

Medulla oblongata (brainstem) regulates vital autonomic functions: respiration, cardiovascular activity, vomiting, coughing. Damage can be fatal. Critical for neurophysiology. [[NCERT Biology Class 11]]

Alluvial soil (deposited by rivers) covers ~40% of India, especially Indo-Gangetic plains. Fertile, rich in potash, supports intensive agriculture. Important for geography and agriculture. [[ICAR Reports, NCERT Geography Class 11]]

Dicot stems have vascular bundles in a ring (eustele), enabling secondary growth. Monocots have scattered bundles (atactostele). Key difference in plant anatomy. [[NCERT Biology Class 11]]

Benzene's delocalized π-electrons attract electrophiles. Substitution preserves aromatic stability; addition would break resonance. Nitration, halogenation, sulfonation are classic examples. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 11]]

Weber (Wb) = magnetic flux; Tesla (T) = magnetic flux density (B = Φ/A). 1 Wb = 1 T·m². Important for electromagnetism problems. [[NCERT Physics Class 12]]

Higher temperature increases molecular kinetic energy, reducing intermolecular forces and internal friction. Hence, honey flows faster when heated. Opposite trend for gases. [[NCERT Physics Class 11]]

Bt gene produces Cry protein toxic to bollworm larvae but safe for humans. First commercially approved GM crop in India (2002). Important for biotechnology and agriculture. [[DBT Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]

In Group 13 (B, Al, Ga, In, Tl), ns² electrons resist participation in bonding down the group. Tl⁺ is more stable than Tl³⁺ due to inert pair effect. Important for periodic trends. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 11]]

Lens power P = 1/f (in meters), unit: diopter (D). Positive for convex, negative for concave lenses. Used in prescribing corrective eyewear. [[NCERT Physics Class 10]]

LH (Luteinizing Hormone) surge from pituitary triggers release of mature ovum from Graafian follicle (~day 14 of menstrual cycle). Critical for reproductive physiology. [[NCERT Biology Class 12]]

SHE is the reference electrode with E° = 0.00 V at 298K, 1 atm, 1M H⁺. All other electrode potentials are measured relative to SHE. Fundamental for electrochemical series. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]

India has four hotspots: Himalayas, Indo-Burma, Sundaland, Western Ghats. Thar Desert, while ecologically important, isn't classified as a hotspot (requires >1,500 endemic plants and >70% habitat loss). [[MoEFCC, NCERT Biology Class 12]]

Homologous structures (e.g., human arm, bat wing, whale flipper) share similar bone structure but different functions, indicating divergent evolution from common ancestor. Key evidence for evolution. [[NCERT Biology Class 12]]

Fleming's left-hand rule: for motors (force on current-carrying conductor). Right-hand rule: for generators (induced current). Mnemonic: 'Left for Motor, Right for Generator'. [[NCERT Physics Class 10]]

Mitochondria generate ATP through cellular respiration (Krebs cycle, ETC). They have their own DNA and ribosomes, supporting endosymbiotic theory. Fundamental cell biology concept. [[NCERT Biology Class 11]]

Colligative properties (vapor pressure lowering, boiling point elevation, etc.) depend only on number of solute particles, not their identity. Important for solution chemistry. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]

Machine Learning algorithms identify patterns in data to make predictions/decisions. Subfields include supervised, unsupervised, reinforcement learning. Key emerging technology topic. [[NITI Aayog Reports]]

Conservation of angular momentum: if τ_ext = 0, L = constant. Explains ice-skater spin, planetary motion, gyroscopes. Fundamental rotational dynamics principle. [[NCERT Physics Class 11]]