Science – Medium Level – GK Questions

Deep learning models (e.g., CNNs) analyze medical images with accuracy comparable to specialists. India's AI for All strategy promotes such applications for affordable healthcare. [[NITI Aayog, MoHFW Reports]]

PLA is synthesized from lactic acid produced by fermenting corn starch/sugarcane. Degrades to CO₂ and water under composting conditions. Sustainable alternative to conventional plastics. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]

Circular economy contrasts linear 'take-make-dispose' model. Principles: design out waste, keep materials in use, regenerate natural systems. India's Resource Efficiency Strategy promotes this. [[NITI Aayog Reports]]

Geostationary orbit (GEO) at ~35,786 km altitude matches Earth's rotation period (24h), so satellite appears fixed. Used for TV broadcasting, weather monitoring, communication. [[ISRO Reports, NCERT Physics Class 11]]

RO forces water through semi-permeable membrane against osmotic gradient, rejecting ions/molecules. Widely used for desalination and water purification. [[CPCB Guidelines, NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]

Asymmetric (public-key) cryptography: public key encrypts, private key decrypts (e.g., RSA, ECC). Enables secure communication, digital signatures. Symmetric uses same key for both. [[CERT-In Guidelines]]

mRNA vaccines (e.g., COVID-19) encode the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. Cells produce it, triggering immune response without live virus. Platform enables rapid vaccine development. [[ICMR, MoHFW Guidelines]]

MRI uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to align hydrogen nuclei; resonance signals create detailed soft-tissue images. No ionizing radiation, unlike CT/X-rays. [[NCERT Physics Class 12]]

6G (expected ~2030) aims for THz frequencies (0.1-10 THz), enabling ultra-high data rates, holographic communication, and AI-native networks. Research ongoing globally. [[TRAI, MeitY Reports]]

Launched in 2023, the mission targets 5 MMT annual green hydrogen production, reducing fossil fuel dependence and carbon emissions. Supports energy security and climate goals. [[MNRE Reports, NITI Aayog]]

Spectrometer disperses light into spectrum to measure wavelength, intensity, and spectral lines. Essential for atomic spectroscopy, chemical analysis, and astronomy. [[NCERT Physics Class 12]]

CAMPA (2016) manages funds collected for diverting forest land for non-forest use. Ensures afforestation, ecosystem restoration, and tribal welfare. Critical for environmental governance. [[MoEFCC Reports, NCERT Geography Class 11]]

LASER produces coherent, monochromatic, directional light via stimulated emission. Applications: surgery, communication, barcode scanners, LIDAR. Fundamental modern physics concept. [[NCERT Physics Class 12]]

One Health is a collaborative, multisectoral approach acknowledging that human, animal, and environmental health are linked. Critical for zoonotic disease prevention (e.g., COVID-19, Nipah). [[WHO, MoHFW Guidelines]]

Atom economy = (MW of desired product / MW of all reactants) × 100. High atom economy minimizes waste, aligning with green chemistry principles for sustainable synthesis. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 11, MoEFCC Guidelines]]

Transistors (BJT/FET) amplify weak signals by controlling large output current with small input current/voltage. Foundation of modern electronics: radios, computers, smartphones. [[NCERT Physics Class 12]]

LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment) was launched by PM Modi at COP26 (2021) to promote mindful consumption and sustainable living. It emphasizes individual actions for collective climate impact. [[MoEFCC, NITI Aayog Reports]]

Chandrayaan-3's Vikram lander touched down near the lunar south pole (69.37°S, 32.35°E) on August 23, 2023, making India the first nation to land in this scientifically significant region with potential water ice. [[ISRO Reports, NCERT Geography Class 11]]

Pascal (Pa) = N/m². Atmospheric pressure ≈ 101,325 Pa = 1 atm. Barometer measures pressure; manometer measures gas pressure. Essential for fluid mechanics. [[NCERT Physics Class 11]]

Ribosomes (80S in eukaryotes, 70S in prokaryotes) translate mRNA into polypeptide chains. Found free in cytoplasm or bound to ER. Fundamental cell biology. [[NCERT Biology Class 11]]