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Answer: 68:32
RTE Act, Section 7: Financial responsibility shared between Centre and States: (a) For most States: 68:32 (Centre:State), (b) For Northeast States: 90:10, (c) For UTs: 100% Central. Similar sharing patterns in NFSA, MGNREGA. Ensures fiscal federalism: Centre provides resources, States implement based on local needs. Challenges: (a) Timely fund release, (b) State capacity to utilize funds, (c) Monitoring expenditure efficiency. Finance Commission recommendations critical for aligning resources with rights obligations.
Answer: True
Rights-based legislations often create monitoring architecture: (a) RTE Act: NCPCR/SCPCRs monitor implementation, inquire into violations, (b) NFSA: State Food Commissions monitor PDS, (c) MGNREGA: Social audits by Gram Sabhas, independent evaluations, (d) RTI Act: Information Commissions adjudicate appeals. These bodies provide: (a) Expert oversight, (b) Grievance redressal, (c) Policy recommendations. Effectiveness depends on independence, capacity, resources, and government responsiveness to recommendations.
Answer: Make additional provisions for better realization of rights, subject to not diluting Central standards
Concurrent List legislation (Article 246(3)): Parliament and State Legislatures can both legislate; Central law prevails in case of repugnancy (Article 254). Rights-based laws often set minimum standards; States can enhance: (a) RTE: Some States provide free education beyond 14 years, (b) NFSA: Some States expand coverage/entitlements, (c) MGNREGA: Some States add more work days. Cooperative federalism enables tailored implementation while ensuring national minimum rights floor.
Answer: PUCL v. Union of India
PUCL v. Union of India (Right to Food case, ongoing since 2001): SC issued continuing mandamus directing: (a) Universalization of ICDS, (b) Mid-day meals in schools (later codified in RTE Act), (c) PDS reforms, (d) Maternity entitlements. Illustrates judicial role in: (a) Interpreting right to life (Article 21) to include food security, (b) Monitoring executive implementation through continuing mandamus, (c) Catalyzing legislative action (NFSA, 2013). Balances judicial activism with respect for policy domain of elected branches.
Answer: True
Technology in rights-based delivery: (a) Aadhaar seeding: Reduces ghost beneficiaries in PDS (NFSA), MGNREGA, (b) Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT): Ensures wages/subsidies reach beneficiaries directly, (c) Mobile apps: RTI online filing, MGNREGA muster roll access, NFSA ration tracking, (d) GIS mapping: Monitor infrastructure under RTE, MGNREGA. Challenges: Digital divide, privacy concerns, exclusion errors due to authentication failures. Technology is enabler, not substitute for robust institutions and human oversight.
Answer: Awareness generation, monitoring implementation, facilitating grievance redressal, and advocating for policy improvements
Civil society contributions to rights-based legislations: (a) Awareness: Inform citizens about entitlements (e.g., RTI camps, RTE awareness drives), (b) Monitoring: Social audits of MGNREGA, NFSA implementation, (c) Grievance facilitation: Help marginalized groups access redressal mechanisms, (d) Advocacy: Push for policy improvements based on ground evidence, (e) Innovation: Pilot models for last-mile delivery. Partnership between State and civil society enhances accountability, responsiveness, and rights realization.
Answer: All of the above
Rights-based legislations are interlinked: (a) NFSA (food security) requires Agriculture (production), Rural Development (PDS infrastructure), Health (nutrition monitoring), WCD (ICDS for children), (b) RTE Act requires Education (schools), Rural Development (infrastructure), Finance (funding), (c) MGNREGA requires Rural Development (implementation), Finance (wages), Environment (asset creation). Siloed administration hampers convergence; need for integrated planning, shared databases, joint monitoring to realize rights holistically.
Answer: True
PC-PNDT Act, 1994 (amended 2003): Prohibits: (a) Use of prenatal diagnostic techniques for sex selection, (b) Sale/distribution/use of ultrasound machines without registration, (c) Communication of sex of foetus. Provides for: (a) Regulation of genetic counselling centres, laboratories, clinics, (b) Penalties: imprisonment, fine, license cancellation. Implementation challenges: clandestine practices, social son preference, need for community mobilization alongside enforcement. Critical for addressing gender-biased sex selection.
Answer: Adequate budgetary allocation and administrative capacity
Rights-based legislation requires: (a) Legal framework (laws), (b) Institutional mechanisms (agencies, grievance redressal), (c) Financial resources (budgetary allocation), (d) Administrative capacity (trained staff, infrastructure), (e) Awareness and participation (citizen empowerment). Laws alone insufficient; implementation depends on political will, bureaucratic efficiency, monitoring, accountability. Example: RTE Act mandates infrastructure but many schools lack facilities due to funding/capacity gaps. Holistic approach needed for rights realization.
Answer: 1 crore
Consumer Protection Act, 2019: Three-tier redressal: (a) District Commission: up to ₹1 crore, (b) State Commission: ₹1-10 crore, (c) National Commission: above ₹10 crore. New features: (a) E-filing, video conferencing, (b) Product liability, (c) Unfair trade practices coverage, (d) Central Consumer Protection Authority for class actions. Strengthens consumer rights enforcement; reduces litigation time, cost. Awareness and accessibility remain key challenges.
Answer: True
Maternity Benefit (Amendment) Act, 2017: Key changes: (a) Paid maternity leave: 26 weeks (up from 12) for first two children, (b) 12 weeks for adoptive/commissioning mothers, (c) Crèche facility mandatory for establishments with 50+ employees, (d) Work from home option after maternity period. Aims to improve maternal/child health, women's workforce participation. Challenges: potential disincentive for employers to hire women, need for state support for small enterprises.
Answer: 4%
RPwD Act, 2016: Replaced PwD Act, 1995. Key provisions: (a) Expanded definition: 21 disabilities (from 7), (b) Reservation: 4% in government jobs (up from 3%), (c) 5% reservation in higher education, (d) Accessibility standards for public buildings/transport, (e) Guardianship provisions respecting autonomy. Aligns with UN Convention on Rights of Persons with Disabilities (ratified by India, 2007). Implementation challenges: awareness, infrastructure adaptation, attitudinal change.
Answer: District Magistrate
Transgender Persons Act, 2019: Provides for: (a) Right to self-perceived gender identity, (b) Certificate of identity from District Magistrate (based on self-declaration), (c) Prohibition of discrimination in education, employment, healthcare, (d) Welfare measures: education, skill development, healthcare access. Criticisms: (a) Certificate requirement undermines self-declaration principle affirmed in NALSA judgment (2014), (b) Inadequate penalties for offences. Balances recognition with implementation concerns.
Answer: True
Rights-based legislations transform policy commitments into justiciable rights: (a) RTE Act: Parents can approach courts if child denied admission, (b) NFSA: Beneficiaries can seek grievance redressal, (c) MGNREGA: Workers can claim unemployment allowance if work not provided. However, enforcement depends on: (a) Awareness of rights, (b) Access to grievance mechanisms, (c) Administrative capacity, (d) Judicial responsiveness. Rights on paper require institutional mechanisms and political will for effective realization.
Answer: Fast Track Special Courts
POCSO Act, 2012: Provides for: (a) Child-friendly reporting, recording, medical examination, trial procedures, (b) Special courts for expedited trial (to be concluded within 1 year), (c) In-camera proceedings, (d) Protection of child's identity, (e) Support person for child. 2019 amendment enhanced punishments, included child pornography. Implementation challenges: low conviction rates, trauma to child witnesses, need for specialized training of judges/prosecutors.
Answer: 100
MGNREGA, 2005: Guarantees 100 days of unskilled manual wage employment per rural household per year at statutory minimum wages. Features: (a) Legal right to work, (b) Decentralized planning by Gram Sabhas, (c) 60:40 wage-material ratio, (d) Social audit mandatory, (e) Unemployment allowance if work not provided within 15 days. World's largest public works program; reduces distress migration, strengthens rural livelihoods, empowers women (1/3 participation mandate).
Answer: False
RTI Act, Section 8(1): Lists exemptions including information which would prejudicially affect: (a) Sovereignty/integrity of India, (b) Security, strategic, scientific, economic interests of State, (c) Relation with foreign State, (d) Incitement to offence. Such information may be denied even if not explicitly covered by OSA. However, Section 8(2): Even exempt information must be disclosed if public interest in disclosure outweighs harm. Balances transparency with legitimate security concerns; courts decide on case-by-case basis.
Answer: Both individual and community forest rights
Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006: Recognizes: (a) Individual rights: land under cultivation, habitat, minor forest produce, (b) Community rights: grazing, fishing, water bodies, traditional seasonal resource access, habitat for PVTGs, (c) Rights to protect/ conserve/manage community forest resources. Aims to correct historical injustice to forest dwellers; balances conservation with livelihood security. Implementation challenges: delayed recognition, conflicting claims, bureaucratic hurdles.
Answer: 5
NFSA, 2013: Entitlements: (a) Priority households: 5 kg/person/month at ₹3/kg rice, ₹2/kg wheat, ₹1/kg coarse grains, (b) Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) households: 35 kg/household/month at same prices, (c) Pregnant/lactating women, children 6 months-14 years: nutritious meals, maternity benefit. Covers up to 75% rural, 50% urban population. World's largest food security program; implemented through PDS with Aadhaar seeding, portability.
Answer: True
RTE Act, 2009: Applies to all India except J&K (which had separate Constitution under Article 370). Post-abrogation of Article 370 (2019), RTE Act extended to J&K. Act mandates: (a) Free education for 6-14 years, (b) 25% reservation in private unaided schools for EWS/disadvantaged groups, (c) No detention policy (modified by 2019 amendment), (d) Teacher qualification standards. Implementation varies across States; challenges include infrastructure gaps, teacher shortages, learning outcomes.