GK Questions

SCE-200 employs oxygen-rich staged combustion cycle burning kerosene/LOX, delivering 200-ton thrust class performance for future heavy-lift vehicles.

Heat pipes use phase-change fluid wicking through porous structure to transport heat from hot to cold zones; essential for spacecraft thermal management.

MINERVA-II1A/B deployed Sep 2018 hopped across Ryugu's low-gravity surface using internal rotors, returning images and temperature data.

Flat rotation curves imply enclosed mass increases linearly with radius beyond visible disk, requiring extended dark matter halo dominating gravitational potential.

FSW solid-state process avoids melting/solidification defects, yielding superior mechanical properties for cryogenic tank structures in PSLV/GSLV/LVM3.

MESSENGER confirmed Mercury's dipole field (~300 nT at equator), generated by dynamo in partially molten outer core; unexpected given slow 59-day rotation.

Tiangong-1 launched Sep 29, 2011, serving as target for Shenzhou docking tests; deorbited uncontrollably in 2018 after extended mission.

Sentinel-6 continues TOPEX/Poseidon/Jason sea-level record since 1992, measuring ocean topography with cm precision for climate monitoring.

NLST at Hanle (4500 m altitude) will be world's largest off-axis solar telescope (2 m aperture), studying solar magnetic fields and transient phenomena.

Digital/analog sun sensors determine sun vector relative to spacecraft body, enabling initial acquisition and safe-mode stabilization before fine pointing with star trackers.

Aerocapture achieves orbit insertion in one atmospheric pass requiring precise guidance; aerobraking gradually lowers apoapsis over weeks/months. Aerocapture remains unflown but studied for Mars/Venus/Titan.

Tharsis Montes includes Ascraeus, Pavonis, and Arsia; Olympus Mons lies northwest of Tharsis bulge as separate volcanic province.

GSLV-F14 successfully deployed INSAT-3DS on Feb 17, 2024, enhancing weather forecasting and disaster warning capabilities over Indian Ocean Region.

Blazar emission is Doppler-boosted due to relativistic jet alignment with line-of-sight, causing rapid variability and high-energy dominance.

Japanese astronaut Chiaki Mukai flew aboard STS-65 in July 1994; Kalpana Chawla (Indian-origin US citizen) flew later in 1997.

Ka-band cross-links allow satellites to range each other, improving ephemeris accuracy and reducing ground segment dependency; implemented in modern GNSS.

IADC comprises 13 national/international space agencies coordinating debris mitigation standards; ISRO joined in 2000s contributing tracking data.

Ceres resides in main asteroid belt between Mars/Jupiter; all other recognized dwarf planets (Pluto, Eris, Haumea, Makemake) are trans-Neptunian.

Lunar Prospector (1998) detected H signature; Chandrayaan-1 MIP/M3 confirmed OH/H₂O; LCROSS impact (2009) directly sampled ice-rich ejecta.

Type I/II disk migration or high-eccentricity tidal circularization explains hot Jupiter presence interior to snow line where gas giant formation is unlikely.