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The architectural style where components communicate via lightweight HTTP APIs is called ________ Architecture.
Answer: Microservices / RESTful
Microservices decompose applications into independent services communicating via REST/HTTP APIs. Enables independent deployment, scaling, and technology diversity. Critical for modern cloud-native development questions.
Which database feature automatically distributes data across multiple nodes for scalability?
- Indexing
- Sharding
- Replication
- Caching
Answer: Sharding
Sharding partitions data horizontally across nodes based on key ranges or hashes, enabling horizontal scaling. Critical for handling large datasets in distributed databases. Trade-offs: cross-shard queries complexity.
5G network slicing enables creation of virtual networks optimized for specific use cases on shared infrastructure.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Network slicing partitions 5G infrastructure into logical networks with customized QoS: low-latency for autonomous vehicles, high-bandwidth for video, massive IoT for sensors. Critical for 5G monetization and industry applications.
Which initiative aims to establish global standards for trustworthy AI development?
- OECD AI Principles
- Paris Agreement
- Basel III
- WTO Rules
Answer: OECD AI Principles
OECD AI Principles (2019) provide values-based guidelines: inclusive growth, human-centered values, transparency, robustness, accountability. Adopted by 40+ countries including India. Critical for AI governance questions.
The certification that validates expertise in ethical hacking and penetration testing is called Certified ________ Hacker.
Answer: Ethical / CEH
CEH (Certified Ethical Hacker) by EC-Council validates skills in penetration testing, vulnerability assessment, and security tools. Valued for cybersecurity roles in government and enterprise. Critical for security career questions.
Which pattern isolates failures in microservices to prevent cascading outages?
- Circuit Breaker
- API Gateway
- Service Mesh
- Load Balancer
Answer: Circuit Breaker
Circuit Breaker stops requests to failing services temporarily, allowing recovery. Prevents cascading failures in distributed systems. Implemented in resilience libraries. Critical for building fault-tolerant architectures.
NewSQL databases combine SQL interface with NoSQL scalability for transactional workloads.
- True
- False
Answer: True
NewSQL (CockroachDB, TiDB) provides ACID transactions, SQL compatibility, and horizontal scaling. Bridges gap between traditional RDBMS and NoSQL. Critical for modern database architecture questions.
Which protocol enables segment routing for traffic engineering in modern networks?
- OSPF
- BGP
- SR-MPLS / SRv6
- RIP
Answer: SR-MPLS / SRv6
Segment Routing (SR-MPLS, SRv6) encodes path instructions in packet headers, enabling flexible traffic engineering without per-flow state. Critical for scalable, programmable networks. Important for advanced networking questions.
The international alliance for developing open 5G/6G standards with interoperable components is called ________ Alliance.
Answer: O-RAN
O-RAN (Open Radio Access Network) Alliance promotes open interfaces, virtualization, and AI in mobile networks. Enables multi-vendor interoperability and innovation. India actively participates for strategic autonomy. Critical for telecom policy questions.
Which emerging role focuses on ensuring AI systems are fair, transparent, and accountable?
- Data Engineer
- AI Ethics Officer
- DevOps Engineer
- Cloud Architect
Answer: AI Ethics Officer
AI Ethics Officers govern responsible AI: bias mitigation, explainability, compliance. Growing demand in regulated sectors (finance, healthcare). Critical for emerging tech career questions.
Serverless architecture eliminates the need for developers to manage servers, focusing on code functions.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Serverless (AWS Lambda, Azure Functions) abstracts infrastructure: auto-scaling, pay-per-execution. Trade-offs: cold starts, vendor lock-in. Critical for cost-optimized cloud development questions.
Which NoSQL database type is best suited for storing hierarchical data like social graphs?
- Key-Value
- Document
- Graph
- Column-Family
Answer: Graph
Graph databases (Neo4j, Amazon Neptune) store nodes/edges for relationships, enabling efficient traversal for social networks, fraud detection, recommendations. Critical for relationship-rich data questions.
The technology that virtualizes network functions like firewalls and routers on commodity hardware is called Network Functions ________.
Answer: Virtualization / NFV
NFV (Network Functions Virtualization) runs network services as software on standard servers, reducing cost and increasing flexibility vs proprietary hardware. Complements SDN for agile networks. Critical for telecom modernization questions.
Which factor is driving semiconductor supply chain diversification globally?
- Geopolitical Risks
- Demand Growth
- Technology Advancement
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Semiconductor diversification driven by: geopolitical tensions (US-China), demand surge (AI, EVs), and tech advancement (smaller nodes). India's semiconductor mission aligns with global reshoring trends. Critical for tech geopolitics questions.
Cloud certifications like AWS Solutions Architect validate expertise in designing cloud infrastructure.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Cloud certifications (AWS, Azure, GCP) validate skills in architecture, security, and operations. Valued by employers for cloud roles. India has growing demand for certified professionals. Critical for career development questions.
Which architectural pattern uses asynchronous events for communication between loosely coupled services?
- Microservices
- Event-Driven Architecture
- Monolithic
- Layered
Answer: Event-Driven Architecture
Event-Driven Architecture uses events/messages for service communication via brokers (Kafka, RabbitMQ). Enables scalability, resilience, and real-time processing. Complements microservices. Critical for distributed systems design questions.
The database type optimized for storing and querying high-dimensional vector data for AI applications is called ________ Database.
Answer: Vector
Vector databases (Pinecone, Milvus, Weaviate) store embeddings for similarity search in AI: recommendations, semantic search, RAG. Use approximate nearest neighbor algorithms for scalable retrieval. Critical for AI infrastructure questions.
Which technology decouples network control plane from data plane for programmable networks?
- SDN
- NFV
- MPLS
- BGP
Answer: SDN
SDN (Software-Defined Networking) centralizes control in software controllers, enabling dynamic traffic management, automation, and innovation. NFV virtualizes network functions. Critical for modern network architecture questions.
The Startup India Seed Fund Scheme provides financial support for proof of concept and commercialization.
- True
- False
Answer: True
SISFS provides up to ₹20 lakh for proof of concept and ₹50 lakh for commercialization via incubators. Targets early-stage innovation-driven startups. Critical for entrepreneurship policy questions.
Which initiative provides a unified interface for citizens to access central and state government services?
- MyGov
- UMANG
- DigiLocker
- e-Taal
Answer: UMANG
UMANG (Unified Mobile Application for New-age Governance) offers 1,200+ services: Aadhaar, PAN, EPFO, utilities, health. Multilingual, voice search, offline access. Critical for digital service delivery questions.