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Which protocol is used for secure remote login to network devices?
- Telnet
- FTP
- SSH
- HTTP
Answer: SSH
SSH (Secure Shell) provides encrypted remote login and command execution over insecure networks. Replaces insecure Telnet which transmits data in plaintext. SSH uses public-key cryptography for authentication and supports port forwarding, file transfer (SFTP), and tunneling. Default port: 22.
Which satellite navigation system is developed by India as an alternative to GPS?
- GLONASS
- Galileo
- NavIC
- BeiDou
Answer: NavIC
NavIC (Navigation with Indian Constellation) is India's independent regional satellite navigation system with 7 satellites. Provides positioning accuracy better than 20m over India and 1500 km surrounding area. Used in transportation, disaster management, and mobile devices. GLONASS (Russia), Galileo (EU), BeiDou (China) are other global systems.
Which initiative provides digital literacy training to rural citizens under Digital India?
- PMGDISHA
- SWAYAM
- DIKSHA
- e-Pathshala
Answer: PMGDISHA
PMGDISHA (Pradhan Mantri Gramin Digital Saksharta Abhiyan) aims to make 6 crore rural adults digitally literate by training them to operate computers, access internet, use digital payments, and avail e-governance services. Implemented through Common Service Centres (CSCs) across villages.
Two-factor authentication (2FA) completely eliminates the risk of account compromise.
- True
- False
Answer: False
2FA significantly reduces risk but doesn't eliminate it. Attackers can bypass 2FA via SIM swapping, phishing for OTPs, malware capturing tokens, or social engineering. Best practice: use authenticator apps or hardware tokens instead of SMS, monitor account activity, and use unique passwords.
Which blockchain application enables decentralized finance (DeFi) services like lending and trading without intermediaries?
- NFT Marketplaces
- Smart Contracts
- Digital Identity
- Supply Chain
Answer: Smart Contracts
DeFi protocols use smart contracts to automate financial services: lending (Aave), trading (Uniswap), derivatives, and yield farming. Operate on public blockchains (Ethereum, Solana) with transparent, permissionless access. Risks include smart contract bugs, volatility, and regulatory uncertainty. Critical for fintech innovation questions.
4D printing adds the dimension of time, enabling 3D printed objects to change shape or properties in response to stimuli.
- True
- False
Answer: True
4D printing uses smart materials (shape-memory polymers, hydrogels) that transform when exposed to heat, moisture, light, or magnetic fields. Applications: self-assembling structures, adaptive medical devices, and responsive textiles. Emerging research area with potential in aerospace, healthcare, and soft robotics.
Which sensor technology is essential for autonomous vehicles to detect objects and measure distances?
- GPS
- LIDAR
- Microphone
- Temperature Sensor
Answer: LIDAR
LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) uses laser pulses to create high-resolution 3D maps of surroundings, enabling object detection, classification, and distance measurement. Combined with cameras, radar, and GPS for robust perception. Critical for self-driving cars, drones, and mobile robots. Important for autonomous systems questions.
The measure of how long a qubit maintains its quantum state before decoherence is called ________ Time.
Answer: Coherence
Coherence time (T1 for energy relaxation, T2 for phase decoherence) determines how many quantum operations can be performed before errors dominate. Longer coherence enables more complex algorithms. Improved via better materials, shielding, and error correction. Critical metric for comparing quantum hardware platforms.
Which economic model in the metaverse allows creators to earn royalties on secondary sales of digital assets?
- Subscription
- Freemium
- NFT Royalties
- Advertising
Answer: NFT Royalties
NFT smart contracts can embed royalty clauses (e.g., 5-10%) that automatically pay creators on each resale in secondary markets. Enables sustainable creator economies in metaverse platforms. Implemented on Ethereum, Polygon, and other chains. Critical for digital ownership and creator monetization questions.
Zero-knowledge proofs allow verification of a statement without revealing the underlying data.
- True
- False
Answer: True
ZK-proofs enable one party to prove knowledge of a secret (e.g., valid transaction) without revealing the secret itself. Applications: privacy-preserving cryptocurrencies (Zcash), identity verification, and confidential smart contracts. Computationally intensive but advancing with zk-SNARKs/zk-STARKs. Critical for privacy and scalability questions.
Which post-processing step is commonly required for metal 3D printed parts to relieve internal stresses?
- Painting
- Heat Treatment
- Polishing
- Coating
Answer: Heat Treatment
Heat treatment (annealing, stress relieving) reduces residual stresses from rapid melting/solidification in metal AM, improving dimensional stability and mechanical properties. Other post-processing: support removal, machining, surface finishing. Critical for qualifying AM parts for aerospace/medical applications. Important for manufacturing process questions.
The feedback control system that uses sensor data to correct robot motion errors is called ________ Control.
Answer: Closed-loop / Feedback
Closed-loop control continuously compares desired vs actual state (via sensors) and adjusts actuators to minimize error. Contrasts with open-loop (no feedback). Essential for precision tasks: assembly, welding, autonomous navigation. PID controllers are common implementation. Critical for robotics control theory questions.
The metaverse concept includes persistent virtual worlds that continue to exist even when users log off.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Persistence is a defining feature of metaverse: virtual environments, economies, and social interactions continue evolving independently of individual user presence. Enabled by cloud infrastructure, blockchain state, and server-side simulation. Critical for distinguishing metaverse from ephemeral VR experiences or video games.
Which blockchain platform is commonly used for enterprise applications requiring privacy and scalability?
- Bitcoin
- Ethereum
- Hyperledger Fabric
- Dogecoin
Answer: Hyperledger Fabric
Hyperledger Fabric is a permissioned blockchain framework by Linux Foundation, designed for enterprise use: modular architecture, private channels, pluggable consensus, and identity management. Used in supply chain, trade finance, and healthcare. Contrasts with public chains (Bitcoin, Ethereum) which prioritize decentralization over privacy/performance.
The technique of optimizing part design to minimize material usage while maintaining strength is called ________ Optimization.
Answer: Topology
Topology optimization uses algorithms to distribute material optimally within design constraints (loads, boundaries), creating lightweight, efficient structures often with organic shapes. Enabled by additive manufacturing which can produce complex geometries impossible with subtractive methods. Critical for aerospace, automotive, and biomedical applications.
Which programming language is commonly used for robotics development and ROS (Robot Operating System)?
- Java
- Python/C++
- HTML
- SQL
Answer: Python/C++
ROS supports Python (for rapid prototyping, AI/ML integration) and C++ (for performance-critical components). Provides libraries for perception, planning, control, and simulation. Widely adopted in research and industry. Understanding ROS architecture is valuable for robotics engineering questions in technical exams.
Quantum cryptography (QKD) provides theoretically unbreakable encryption based on quantum physics principles.
- True
- False
Answer: True
QKD (Quantum Key Distribution) uses quantum properties (no-cloning theorem, measurement disturbance) to detect eavesdropping during key exchange. If intercepted, quantum states change, alerting parties. Provides information-theoretic security, unlike computational security of RSA/ECC. Deployed in limited networks; scaling challenges remain.
Which protocol enables decentralized identity management in the metaverse?
- OAuth
- DID (Decentralized Identifiers)
- SAML
- LDAP
Answer: DID (Decentralized Identifiers)
DIDs are self-sovereign identifiers stored on blockchain, giving users control over their digital identity without central authorities. Enable portable profiles, verifiable credentials, and privacy-preserving authentication across metaverse platforms. Part of W3C standards. Critical for user sovereignty and interoperability questions.
The process of converting real-world assets into digital tokens on a blockchain is called ________.
Answer: Tokenization
Tokenization represents ownership of physical/digital assets (real estate, art, commodities) as blockchain tokens, enabling fractional ownership, instant settlement, and global liquidity. Requires legal frameworks and oracle services for real-world data. Pilots in India for land records, supply chain, and financial assets. Important for fintech innovation questions.
SLAM (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping) enables robots to navigate unknown environments without pre-existing maps.
- True
- False
Answer: True
SLAM algorithms use sensor data (LIDAR, cameras, IMU) to build a map of an unknown environment while simultaneously tracking the robot's location within it. Critical for autonomous vehicles, drones, and service robots. Combines probabilistic filtering, optimization, and machine learning. Important for robotics navigation questions.