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Which property makes aerogels suitable for thermal insulation in space applications?
- High Density
- Low Thermal Conductivity
- Electrical Conductivity
- Magnetic Properties
Answer: Low Thermal Conductivity
Aerogels are ultra-light porous materials (~99% air) with extremely low thermal conductivity, making them excellent insulators. Used in Mars rovers, spacecraft, and building insulation. India researches aerogels at ISRO and IITs. Critical for materials science and space tech questions.
Chiplet architecture enables modular design by combining multiple smaller dies in a single package.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Chiplets integrate multiple specialized dies (CPU, GPU, I/O) via advanced packaging (2.5D/3D), improving yield, cost, and design flexibility vs monolithic chips. Used in AMD, Intel products. India's semiconductor strategy includes ATMP (assembly, test, mark, pack) capabilities. Critical for chip design questions.
Which tool is commonly used for network scanning and vulnerability assessment?
- Wireshark
- Nmap
- Metasploit
- John the Ripper
Answer: Nmap
Nmap (Network Mapper) scans networks for hosts, ports, services, and OS detection. Foundation for vulnerability assessment. Wireshark is packet analyzer; Metasploit is exploitation framework; John the Ripper is password cracker. Critical for cybersecurity tools knowledge in exams.
The Indian regulatory body for authorizing private space activities is called ________.
Answer: IN-SPACe
IN-SPACe (Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Centre) is single-window regulator for private sector space activities: licensing, facilitation, technology transfer. Established under DOS to implement space policy reforms. Critical for understanding India's space governance framework.
Shape-memory alloys can return to original shape when heated after deformation.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Shape-memory alloys (Nitinol: Ni-Ti) undergo reversible phase transformation, enabling shape recovery upon heating. Applications: medical stents, actuators, aerospace. India researches SMAs at DMRL, IITs. Critical for smart materials and advanced manufacturing questions.
Which step in semiconductor fabrication involves transferring circuit patterns onto silicon wafers?
- Etching
- Photolithography
- Deposition
- Doping
Answer: Photolithography
Photolithography uses light to transfer mask patterns onto photoresist-coated wafers, defining circuit features. Critical for miniaturization; EUV lithography enables sub-7nm nodes. Other steps: deposition (add layers), etching (remove material), doping (modify conductivity). Critical for chip manufacturing questions.
The technique of testing web applications for vulnerabilities like SQL injection and XSS is called ________ Testing.
Answer: Web Application / DAST
Web Application Penetration Testing (DAST - Dynamic Application Security Testing) identifies vulnerabilities: SQL injection, XSS, CSRF, auth flaws. Tools: Burp Suite, OWASP ZAP. Critical for securing digital services and compliance with security standards in banking/government exams.
Which Indian startup is developing small satellite launch vehicles for commercial missions?
- Skyroot Aerospace
- Agnikul Cosmos
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
Skyroot Aerospace (Vikram series) and Agnikul Cosmos (Agnibaan) are Indian private startups developing small launch vehicles for dedicated small satellite missions. Supported by IN-SPACe and NSIL. Represents India's emerging commercial space ecosystem. Critical for space economy questions.
Flow batteries are well-suited for long-duration grid energy storage due to decoupled power and energy capacity.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Flow batteries (vanadium redox) store energy in liquid electrolytes; power (stack size) and energy (tank volume) are independent. Advantages: long cycle life, deep discharge, scalability for 4-12 hour storage. Critical for renewable integration and grid stability questions.
Which nanomaterial property enables targeted drug delivery in medical applications?
- High Surface Area
- Quantum Confinement
- Superparamagnetism
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Nanomaterials enable: high surface area for drug loading, quantum effects for imaging, superparamagnetism for magnetic targeting. Applications: cancer therapy, diagnostics, tissue engineering. India's Nano Mission supports research. Critical for nanotechnology and healthcare innovation questions.
Which phase of penetration testing involves gathering information about target systems?
- Exploitation
- Reconnaissance
- Reporting
- Post-Exploitation
Answer: Reconnaissance
Reconnaissance (information gathering) is first phase of pentest: passive (OSINT, WHOIS) and active (scanning, enumeration) techniques to map target attack surface. Followed by scanning, exploitation, post-exploitation, and reporting. Critical for cybersecurity methodology questions.
India's space policy reforms allow private companies to build and operate satellites and launch vehicles.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Indian Space Policy 2023 enables private sector participation across space value chain: satellite manufacturing, launch services, ground infrastructure, and applications. IN-SPACe acts as single-window regulator. Critical for understanding India's space sector liberalization and economic potential.
Which battery technology uses solid electrolyte instead of liquid for improved safety and energy density?
- Li-ion
- Solid-State Battery
- Lead-Acid
- Flow Battery
Answer: Solid-State Battery
Solid-State Batteries replace flammable liquid electrolytes with solid ceramics/polymers, enabling: higher energy density, faster charging, wider temperature range, and reduced fire risk. Key for EVs and grid storage. India's ACC PLI scheme supports domestic manufacturing. Critical for clean energy questions.
The two-dimensional carbon material with exceptional strength and conductivity is called ________.
Answer: Graphene
Graphene is a single-atom-thick layer of carbon atoms in hexagonal lattice. Properties: 200x stronger than steel, excellent electrical/thermal conductivity, flexible. Applications: electronics, composites, energy storage, sensors. India has research initiatives at IITs and C-MET. Critical for materials science questions.
The India Semiconductor Mission offers production-linked incentives for semiconductor fabrication plants.
- True
- False
Answer: True
India Semiconductor Mission (under MeitY) implements ₹76,000 crore incentive scheme for fabs, display fabs, ATMP, and design. Partnerships with global players (TSMC, Micron) announced. Aims to build strategic self-reliance in critical electronics supply chain. Critical for industrial policy questions.
Which practice involves defining infrastructure and configuration in version-controlled code files?
- Infrastructure as Code
- Configuration Management
- GitOps
- All of these
Answer: All of these
IaC (Terraform), Configuration Management (Ansible), and GitOps all use version-controlled code to define infrastructure/app state. Enables: repeatability, auditability, peer review, and automated testing. Critical for modern DevOps practices and cloud operations questions.
Data mesh architecture decentralizes data ownership to domain teams while maintaining global governance.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Data Mesh treats data as a product: domain teams own data products, with self-serve infrastructure and federated governance. Addresses scalability limits of centralized data teams. Principles: domain ownership, data as product, self-serve platform, federated governance. Critical for modern data architecture questions.
Which Kubernetes object stores non-confidential configuration data for pods to consume?
- Secret
- ConfigMap
- PersistentVolume
- Namespace
Answer: ConfigMap
ConfigMap stores configuration data (environment variables, config files) as key-value pairs for pods. Secret is for sensitive data (base64-encoded); PersistentVolume for storage; Namespace for resource isolation. Critical for Kubernetes configuration management questions.
Which provision of IT Act 2000 deals with punishment for unauthorized access to computer systems?
- Section 43
- Section 66
- Section 66C
- Section 67
Answer: Section 66
Section 66 prescribes punishment (up to 3 years + fine) for computer-related offenses: unauthorized access, data theft, introducing viruses. Section 43 covers civil liability; 66C is identity theft; 67 is obscene content. Critical for cyber law awareness in exams.
GitOps uses Git repositories as the single source of truth for infrastructure and application deployments.
- True
- False
Answer: True
GitOps (ArgoCD, Flux) declaratively defines desired state in Git; operators sync cluster state to match. Benefits: audit trail, rollback via git revert, peer review via PRs. Critical for modern cloud-native deployment practices and infrastructure management questions.