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LoRaWAN is a low-power, long-range wireless protocol suitable for battery-operated IoT sensors.
- True
- False
Answer: True
LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network) enables km-range communication with years of battery life. Ideal for smart agriculture, utilities, and asset tracking. Trade-off: low data rate vs long range. Critical for LPWAN technology questions.
Which computer vision task involves identifying and locating objects within images?
- Image Classification
- Object Detection
- Semantic Segmentation
- All of these
Answer: Object Detection
Object Detection identifies AND locates multiple objects with bounding boxes (YOLO, R-CNN). Image Classification assigns single label; Semantic Segmentation labels each pixel. Critical for autonomous vehicles, surveillance, and medical imaging applications.
The next-generation mobile network standard targeting 2030 deployment with terahertz frequencies is called ________.
Answer: 6G
6G research targets: terahertz spectrum (0.1-10 THz), AI-native networks, integrated sensing-communication, and holographic experiences. India's 6G vision document (2023) outlines research priorities. Critical for understanding telecom evolution roadmap questions.
Which technology enables tracking of product carbon footprint across supply chains?
- Blockchain
- IoT Sensors
- AI Analytics
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Carbon tracking combines: IoT sensors (emission data), blockchain (immutable records), and AI (pattern analysis) for end-to-end footprint visibility. Enables carbon accounting, offset verification, and sustainable sourcing. Critical for ESG and climate governance questions.
India's UPI system has been adopted by countries like Singapore, UAE, and France for cross-border payments.
- True
- False
Answer: True
UPI's success led to international linkages: PayNow-UPI (Singapore), UPI-PayNow (UAE), and discussions with France, UK. NPCI International promotes UPI-like systems globally. Represents India's leadership in digital public infrastructure and fintech innovation.
Which edge computing benefit reduces latency for real-time applications?
- Centralized Processing
- Data Processing Near Source
- Cloud-Only Architecture
- Batch Processing
Answer: Data Processing Near Source
Edge computing processes data close to IoT devices/sensors, reducing round-trip latency to cloud. Critical for autonomous vehicles, industrial automation, and AR/VR. Complements cloud for hierarchical processing. Key for distributed systems architecture questions.
The AI technique that enables machines to learn from labeled training data is called ________ Learning.
Answer: Supervised
Supervised Learning uses labeled datasets (input-output pairs) to train models for classification or regression. Examples: spam detection, price prediction. Contrasts with unsupervised (pattern discovery) and reinforcement (reward-based) learning. Fundamental for AI/ML exam questions.
Carbon capture technology can remove CO2 directly from ambient air (Direct Air Capture).
- True
- False
Answer: True
Direct Air Capture (DAC) uses chemical processes to extract CO2 from ambient air for storage or utilization. Complements emission reduction for net-zero goals. India is developing DAC roadmap under National Carbon Capture Program. Critical for climate tech questions.
Which component of India Stack enables consent-based sharing of personal data?
- Aadhaar
- UPI
- Account Aggregator
- DigiLocker
Answer: Account Aggregator
Account Aggregator framework enables consent-based financial data sharing between institutions. Users control data flow via AA apps. Part of India Stack's layered DPI: identity (Aadhaar), payments (UPI), data sharing (AA), documents (DigiLocker). Critical for digital governance questions.
The lightweight messaging protocol designed for IoT devices with limited bandwidth is called ________.
Answer: MQTT
MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) is a publish-subscribe protocol optimized for low-bandwidth, high-latency IoT networks. Uses minimal overhead, supports QoS levels, and works over TCP/IP. Critical for IoT architecture and industrial automation questions.
Natural Language Processing (NLP) enables machines to understand, interpret, and generate human language.
- True
- False
Answer: True
NLP combines linguistics and AI for tasks: translation, sentiment analysis, chatbots, summarization. Transformer models (BERT, GPT) revolutionized NLP with attention mechanisms. Critical for AI applications in governance, customer service, and accessibility questions.
Which AI technique is used for generating realistic images from text descriptions?
- GANs
- Diffusion Models
- Both A and B
- Decision Trees
Answer: Both A and B
Both GANs (Generative Adversarial Networks) and Diffusion Models (DALL-E, Stable Diffusion) generate images from text. GANs use generator-discriminator competition; diffusion models iteratively denoise random noise. Critical for understanding generative AI applications in creative industries and exams.
Which technology enables high-speed data transmission from satellites to ground stations?
- L-band
- Ka-band
- VHF
- UHF
Answer: Ka-band
Ka-band (26.5-40 GHz) offers high bandwidth for satellite broadband, earth observation data downlink, and inter-satellite links. Challenges: rain attenuation, requiring adaptive coding. Critical for satellite communication and space infrastructure questions.
Green hydrogen can be stored and used as long-duration energy storage for renewable integration.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Green hydrogen (electrolysis using renewables) stores energy chemically for days/weeks, convertible to electricity via fuel cells or turbines. Complements batteries (short-duration) for seasonal storage. India's National Green Hydrogen Mission targets this application.
Which application uses piezoelectric materials for energy harvesting?
- Solar Panels
- Vibration-to-Electricity Conversion
- Wind Turbines
- Thermoelectric Generators
Answer: Vibration-to-Electricity Conversion
Piezoelectrics generate voltage when mechanically stressed, enabling energy harvesting from vibrations (machinery, footsteps, vehicles). Powers wireless sensors, wearables. India researches at IITs and DRDO. Critical for IoT and sustainable energy questions.
The facility where semiconductor wafers are fabricated is called a ________.
Answer: Fab / Foundry
Semiconductor fab (fabrication plant) is ultra-clean facility with photolithography, etching, deposition tools for chip manufacturing. Foundries (TSMC, GlobalFoundries) manufacture for fabless designers. India's semiconductor mission aims to establish domestic fabs.
Small satellites (CubeSats) enable low-cost access to space for research and commercial applications.
- True
- False
Answer: True
CubeSats (10x10x10 cm units) standardize small satellite design, reducing cost/time for development and launch. Enable: technology demos, earth observation, IoT connectivity. India promotes CubeSats via ISRO and academic programs. Critical for democratizing space access questions.
Which metric compares the cost of storing one kilowatt-hour of energy over system lifetime?
- Energy Density
- Levelized Cost of Storage
- Round-Trip Efficiency
- Power Rating
Answer: Levelized Cost of Storage
LCOS = (Total Lifetime Cost) / (Total Energy Delivered). Enables apples-to-apples comparison of storage technologies considering CAPEX, OPEX, efficiency, cycle life, and degradation. Critical for energy planning and investment decisions in policy exams.
Materials that can self-heal minor damage without external intervention are called ________ Materials.
Answer: Self-Healing
Self-healing materials incorporate microcapsules, vascular networks, or reversible bonds to autonomously repair cracks/damage. Applications: coatings, composites, electronics. India researches at IITs and CSIR labs. Critical for durability and maintenance reduction questions.
Which semiconductor material is preferred for high-power, high-temperature applications?
- Silicon
- Gallium Arsenide
- Silicon Carbide
- Germanium
Answer: Silicon Carbide
SiC offers: wide bandgap (high breakdown voltage), high thermal conductivity, and high-temperature operation vs silicon. Used in EV inverters, renewable inverters, industrial drives. India's semiconductor mission includes SiC/GaN compound semiconductors.