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The programming paradigm that treats computation as evaluation of mathematical functions without changing state is called ________ Programming.
Answer: Functional
Functional Programming emphasizes immutability, pure functions (no side effects), and declarative style. Languages: Haskell, Scala, Lisp; features in Python/JavaScript. Benefits: easier testing, parallelization, and reasoning about code. Contrasts with imperative programming that uses mutable state and explicit control flow.
Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) in India is called e₹ (e-Rupee) and is a digital form of legal tender issued by RBI.
- True
- False
Answer: True
e₹ (e-Rupee) is India's CBDC, a digital token representing sovereign currency issued by RBI. Two types: retail (e₹-R) for public transactions via wallets, and wholesale (e₹-W) for interbank settlements. Built on distributed ledger technology but centrally managed. Aims to reduce cash dependency, enhance payment efficiency, and foster innovation.
Which spectrum band was first auctioned for 5G services in India?
- 700 MHz
- 3.3-3.67 GHz
- 24.25-28.5 GHz
- All of these
Answer: All of these
India's first 5G spectrum auction (2022) included low-band (700 MHz for coverage), mid-band (3.3-3.67 GHz for capacity/coverage balance), and high-band/mmWave (24.25-28.5 GHz for ultra-high speeds in dense areas). Operators strategically bid based on use cases: rural coverage vs urban capacity vs industrial applications.
The semiconductor device that allows current flow in only one direction is called a ________.
Answer: Diode
Diode is a two-terminal semiconductor device permitting current flow primarily in one direction (forward bias) while blocking reverse current. Applications: rectification (AC to DC), voltage regulation (Zener diode), signal demodulation, and circuit protection. LED is a special diode emitting light when forward-biased.
India's National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (#AIforAll) focuses exclusively on economic growth and not on social inclusion.
- True
- False
Answer: False
#AIforAll strategy emphasizes inclusive growth across five sectors: healthcare, agriculture, education, smart cities, and mobility. Aims to leverage AI for social empowerment (e.g., AI for farmers, teachers, doctors) alongside economic competitiveness. Establishes responsible AI principles: safety, reliability, inclusivity, and transparency.
The technology that enables multiple users to share same frequency by dividing time into slots is called ________.
Answer: TDMA
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) divides radio frequency into time slots, assigning each user a specific slot for transmission. Used in 2G GSM networks. Contrasts with FDMA (frequency division) and CDMA (code division). 4G/5G use OFDMA which combines time and frequency division with orthogonal subcarriers for higher efficiency.
A transistor can function both as a switch and as an amplifier in electronic circuits.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Transistors operate in three regions: cutoff (OFF switch), saturation (ON switch), and active (amplifier). In digital circuits, they switch between cutoff/saturation for binary logic. In analog circuits, active region amplifies weak signals. Fundamental building block of modern electronics from microprocessors to power controllers.
Which data structure is best suited for implementing a priority queue?
- Array
- Linked List
- Heap
- Stack
Answer: Heap
Heap (specifically binary heap) efficiently implements priority queue with O(log n) insertion and extraction of highest/lowest priority element. Arrays/lists require O(n) search for priority element. Heaps maintain partial order: parent node has higher/lower priority than children. Used in scheduling, Dijkstra's algorithm, and event simulation.
The Indian policy for promoting research and development in emerging technologies is called National Mission on Interdisciplinary Cyber Physical Systems.
- True
- False
Answer: True
NM-ICPS funds R&D in AI, IoT, robotics, quantum technologies. Builds indigenous capabilities.
The technique that reduces model complexity to prevent overfitting is called Regularization.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Regularization adds penalty terms to loss function or randomly drops units during training.
Infrastructure as Code scanning tools detect security misconfigurations before ________.
Answer: Deployment
IaC scanners analyze Terraform/CloudFormation for misconfigurations: public storage, weak IAM.
Instruction tuning adapts LLMs to follow user instructions by training on prompt-________ pairs.
- Response
- Query
- Input
- Output
Answer: Response
Instruction tuning fine-tunes LLMs on instruction datasets, improving task completion and helpfulness.
The international organization that develops global internet governance policies is called Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers.
- True
- False
Answer: True
ICANN coordinates domain names, IP addresses, protocol parameters. Multi-stakeholder model.
The Digital India Act proposal includes provisions for regulating algorithmic transparency and ________.
Answer: Accountability
Digital India Act aims to address platform accountability, user rights, emerging tech governance.
The Indian initiative for promoting electric vehicle adoption through subsidies is called FAME India.
- True
- False
Answer: True
FAME provides demand incentives for EVs and charging infrastructure.
The process of documenting and analyzing security incidents for improvement is called Post-Incident Review.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Post-incident review captures lessons learned: what happened, response effectiveness, root causes, improvements. Critical for continuous security program maturity.
The initiative for global cooperation on cybersecurity capacity building is called Global Cybersecurity Index.
- True
- False
Answer: True
ITU Global Cybersecurity Index assesses national cybersecurity commitment across legal, technical, organizational, capacity building, cooperation dimensions.
The practice of simulating cyberattacks to test organizational defenses is called Red Team Testing.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Red teaming conducts adversarial simulations (cyber, physical, social) to identify gaps in detection, response, resilience. Distinct from vulnerability scanning.
Retail CBDC (e₹-R) enables programmable welfare payments with usage restrictions to prevent misuse.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Programmable CBDC allows conditional transfers for specific goods/services (food, education), enhancing policy effectiveness while requiring careful privacy design.
Which ISRO center in Sriharikota handles all satellite and human spaceflight launches?
- VSSC
- URSC
- SDSC-SHAR
- LPSC
Answer: SDSC-SHAR
Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC-SHAR) in Andhra Pradesh is ISRO's primary launch port. Handles PSLV, GSLV, SSLV, and future human spaceflight launches.