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In case of vacancy in the office of President, who discharges President's functions until a new President is elected?
- Prime Minister
- Chief Justice of India
- Vice President
- Speaker of Lok Sabha
Answer: Vice President
Article 65: If President's office falls vacant due to death, resignation, removal, or otherwise, Vice President discharges functions. If VP office is also vacant, Chief Justice of India (or senior-most SC judge) acts as President. Election to fill vacancy must be held within 6 months.
The Council of Ministers consists of three categories: Cabinet Ministers, Ministers of State, and Deputy Ministers.
- True
- False
Answer: False
Constitution recognizes only two categories under Article 75: Cabinet Ministers and other Ministers (Ministers of State). 'Deputy Ministers' were abolished in 1952. Ministers of State may have independent charge or assist Cabinet Ministers. Only Cabinet Ministers attend Cabinet meetings, ensuring focused decision-making.
Article 361 grants immunity to the President from criminal proceedings during their term of office, and no court can issue process for arrest or imprisonment of the ______.
- Prime Minister
- Vice President
- President
- Chief Justice
Answer: President
Article 361: President (and Governors) enjoy immunity: (a) no criminal proceedings during term, (b) no arrest/imprisonment, (c) civil proceedings allowed with 2-month notice. This ensures head of state can perform duties without harassment, but doesn't grant impunity post-tenure.
Which Article of the Constitution provides for the appointment of Attorney General of India?
- Article 76
- Article 77
- Article 78
- Article 79
Answer: Article 76
Article 76: President appoints Attorney General (AG) who must be qualified to be Supreme Court judge. AG is highest law officer, advises government, represents Union in courts, has right to speak in Parliament but no vote. AG holds office during President's pleasure and can be removed anytime.
Ministers hold office during the pleasure of the President, which in effect means during the pleasure of the Prime Minister.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Article 75(2): Ministers hold office during pleasure of President. Since President acts on PM's advice (Article 74), this effectively means PM can dismiss any minister anytime. This ensures PM's authority over Council and enables reshuffles without constitutional amendment.
The principle of collective responsibility of the Council of Ministers to Lok Sabha is enshrined in which Article?
- Article 74
- Article 75
- Article 76
- Article 77
Answer: Article 75
Article 75(3): Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to Lok Sabha. This means: (a) Ministry falls if Lok Sabha passes no-confidence motion, (b) Ministers defend government policies jointly, (c) Resignation of PM dissolves entire Council. This is cornerstone of parliamentary democracy.
The Prime Minister communicates to the President all decisions of the Council of Ministers relating to administration of Union affairs and proposals for ______.
- judicial appointments
- legislation
- international treaties
- financial audits
Answer: legislation
Article 78(a): PM communicates to President all Council decisions on Union administration and legislative proposals. Article 78(b) requires PM to furnish information called for by President. Article 78(c) allows President to refer matters for Council consideration. These ensure coordination between nominal and real executive.
The Vice President of India can be removed from office by a resolution passed by which body?
- Lok Sabha only
- Rajya Sabha only
- Both Houses of Parliament
- Electoral College
Answer: Rajya Sabha only
Article 67(b): VP can be removed by Rajya Sabha passing a resolution by majority of all then-members, and agreed to by Lok Sabha. No impeachment process needed; simple majority suffices. Notice of at least 14 days must be given. This reflects VP's primary association with Rajya Sabha.
The President's pardoning power under Article 72 extends to cases of punishment by court-martial.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Article 72 grants President power to grant pardons, reprieves, respites, remissions, or suspend/remute sentences in three cases: (a) court-martial punishments, (b) offences against Union law, (c) death sentences. This is an executive check on judicial power, exercised on Cabinet advice.
The President can return a Money Bill for reconsideration by Parliament.
- True
- False
Answer: False
Article 111: President can return ordinary bills for reconsideration, but Money Bills (Article 110) cannot be returned. President must either give assent or withhold assent to Money Bills. This ensures financial legislation proceeds without executive delay, respecting Lok Sabha's financial supremacy.
Which of the following appointments is NOT made by the President of India?
- Prime Minister
- Chief Justice of India
- Chief Election Commissioner
- Speaker of Lok Sabha
Answer: Speaker of Lok Sabha
Speaker of Lok Sabha is elected by members of Lok Sabha from amongst themselves (Article 93). President appoints PM (Article 75), CJI (Article 124), CEC (Article 324), Governors, Judges, etc. Understanding appointment authorities is crucial for Polity questions.
The President of India holds office for a term of ______ years from the date on which they enter upon their office.
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
Answer: 5
Article 56: President's term is 5 years. They can resign by writing to Vice President, or be removed by impeachment for 'violation of the Constitution' under Article 61. Impeachment requires 2/3 majority of total membership of Parliament after charges are framed by either House.
The President of India is elected by an Electoral College consisting of elected members of which bodies?
- Lok Sabha only
- Rajya Sabha only
- Both Houses of Parliament only
- Both Houses of Parliament and State Legislative Assemblies
Answer: Both Houses of Parliament and State Legislative Assemblies
Article 54: President is elected by an Electoral College comprising elected members of Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, and State Legislative Assemblies. Nominated members of Parliament and State Legislatures, and members of Legislative Councils do not participate. The election follows proportional representation by single transferable vote.
Article 36 defines 'State' for Part IV (DPSP) in the same manner as defined in Article ______ for Fundamental Rights.
- 10
- 11
- 12
- 13
Answer: 12
Article 36 states that definitions in Part III (Fundamental Rights) apply to Part IV (DPSP) unless context otherwise requires. Thus, 'State' under Article 12 (including government, legislature, local authorities, etc.) applies to DPSP enforcement, though DPSP themselves are non-justiciable.
The provisions for Panchayats and Municipalities were added to Directive Principles by the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts.
- True
- False
Answer: False
Article 40 (organisation of village panchayats) existed in original DPSP. The 73rd (1992) and 74th (1992) Amendments added Parts IX and IXA to the Constitution, giving constitutional status to Panchayats and Municipalities with justiciable provisions, not merely Directive Principles. So, they are enforceable now.
Article 41 directs the State to secure the right to work, education, and public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness, and disablement.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Article 41 is a socialist principle directing the State to secure, within economic capacity, the right to work, education, and public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness, and disablement. While not justiciable, it has inspired MGNREGA, pension schemes, and disability welfare programs.
Which Article directs the State to secure just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief?
- Article 41
- Article 42
- Article 43
- Article 44
Answer: Article 42
Article 42 directs the State to make provision for securing just and humane conditions of work and for maternity relief. This has led to legislation like the Maternity Benefit Act, 1961 (amended 2017), Factories Act, and various labour welfare laws ensuring worker protections.
Article 46 directs the State to promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections, particularly the ______ and Scheduled Tribes.
- Other Backward Classes
- Scheduled Castes
- Minorities
- Women
Answer: Scheduled Castes
Article 46 is a socialist-Gandhian principle directing the State to promote educational and economic interests of weaker sections, especially SCs and STs, and protect them from social injustice and exploitation. This underpins reservation policies and welfare schemes for marginalized communities.
Which Article was added by the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976 to direct the State to protect and improve the environment?
- Article 48A
- Article 49A
- Article 50A
- Article 51A
Answer: Article 48A
Article 48A was inserted by the 42nd Amendment (1976) directing the State to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard forests and wildlife. This, along with Article 51A(g) (Fundamental Duty), forms the constitutional basis for environmental jurisprudence in India.
Article 43B, added by the 97th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2011, directs the State to promote voluntary formation, autonomous functioning, and professional management of co-operative societies.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Article 43B was inserted by the 97th Amendment (2011) to strengthen the co-operative movement. However, the Supreme Court in 2021 struck down parts of this amendment relating to State co-operative societies, upholding it only for Union Territories and multi-State co-operative societies.