GK Questions

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Showing 3441–3460 of 4601 questions
polity hard mcq

In balancing right to health under Article 21 with intellectual property rights, the Supreme Court has applied which principle to allow compulsory licensing of life-saving drugs to ensure affordability while respecting patent rights?

  1. Absolute priority to patent rights
  2. Proportionality balancing public health needs with innovation incentives
  3. Complete abolition of pharmaceutical patents
  4. Deference to international trade agreements without domestic scrutiny
polity hard fill_blank

In Davinder Singh case (2024), the Supreme Court held that States can create sub-classifications within SC reservation to ensure equitable distribution of benefits, provided the classification is based on ______ data showing backwardness and inadequacy of representation.

  1. anecdotal
  2. quantifiable
  3. political
  4. historical
polity hard true_false

The Supreme Court has interpreted Article 21 to include reproductive rights, including access to safe abortion, contraception, and maternal healthcare, recognizing that reproductive autonomy is intrinsic to dignity, privacy, and liberty.

  1. True
  2. False
polity hard mcq

Freedom to practice any profession under Article 19(1)(g) is subject to reasonable restrictions under Article 19(6) in public interest. Which restriction would likely FAIL the proportionality test?

  1. Licensing requirements for medical practitioners to ensure competence
  2. Complete ban on private coaching institutes without evidence of harm
  3. Environmental regulations for industries to prevent pollution
  4. Zoning laws for commercial establishments in residential areas
polity hard fill_blank

In National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) v. Union of India (2014), the Supreme Court recognized transgender persons as a third gender under Article 21, affirming their right to self-identify gender and directing reservation in education/employment to address historical ______.

  1. privilege
  2. discrimination
  3. advantage
  4. neutrality
polity hard true_false

The 103rd Constitutional Amendment (2019) added economic criteria as basis for reservation under Articles 15(6) and 16(6) for EWS among forward castes, and the Supreme Court upheld this in Janhit Abhiyan (2022) holding economic disadvantage can be basis for affirmative action alongside social/educational backwardness.

  1. True
  2. False
polity hard mcq

The Mental Healthcare Act, 2017 operationalizes right to mental healthcare under Article 21 by recognizing mental illness, ensuring access to treatment, and protecting rights of persons with mental illness. Which right was NOT explicitly recognized under this Act?

  1. Right to access mental healthcare and treatment
  2. Right to live with dignity and free from abuse
  3. Right to refuse treatment in all circumstances without exception
  4. Right to community living and family support
polity hard fill_blank

Freedom of press under Article 19(1)(a) is subject to reasonable restrictions under Article 19(2), and courts apply ______ test to balance media freedom with legitimate state interests like defamation, public order, and national security.

  1. Wednesbury
  2. proportionality
  3. rational basis
  4. strict scrutiny
polity hard true_false

Emerging jurisprudence on gig economy workers (e.g., ride-hailing, food delivery) interprets Article 21 to require social security, fair wages, and grievance redressal, recognizing that livelihood rights extend to non-traditional employment relationships.

  1. True
  2. False
polity hard mcq

In M. Nagaraj v. Union of India (2006), the Supreme Court upheld reservation in promotions for SCs/STs but imposed three conditions. Which of the following was NOT one of these conditions?

  1. Collect quantifiable data showing backwardness of class
  2. Prove inadequacy of representation in particular post
  3. Maintain overall administrative efficiency
  4. Exclude creamy layer from reservation benefits
polity medium fill_blank

To address delays in criminal justice, the Supreme Court has directed implementation of case management systems, time-bound investigation, and ______ courts for expedited trial of serious offences, operationalizing right to speedy trial under Article 21.

  1. special
  2. fast track
  3. mobile
  4. virtual
polity hard true_false

The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 operationalizes the right to privacy recognized in Puttaswamy case by imposing obligations on data fiduciaries to process personal data only for lawful purposes with consent, and establishing a Data Protection Board for enforcement.

  1. True
  2. False
polity hard mcq

The 103rd Constitutional Amendment (2019) added 10% reservation for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) among forward castes under Articles 15(6) and 16(6). In Janhit Abhiyan v. Union of India (2022), the Supreme Court upheld this amendment, holding that:

  1. EWS classification based on economic criteria violates basic structure
  2. EWS classification based on economic criteria is valid, 50% ceiling not inflexible, and exclusion of SC/ST/OBC from EWS quota permissible
  3. Reservation based solely on economic criteria is unconstitutional
  4. 50% ceiling on total reservation is absolute and cannot be exceeded
polity medium fill_blank

The Supreme Court has interpreted Article 21 to require humane treatment of prisoners, including protection from torture, access to legal aid, and rehabilitation programs, recognizing that ______ is intrinsic to right to life even for those deprived of liberty.

  1. punishment
  2. dignity
  3. isolation
  4. retribution
polity hard true_false

Freedom of assembly under Article 19(1)(b) is subject to reasonable restrictions under Article 19(3) for public order, and courts apply proportionality test to balance protest rights with security concerns, requiring restrictions to be least intrusive and time-bound.

  1. True
  2. False
polity hard mcq

In environmental cases, the Supreme Court has linked right to health under Article 21 with right to clean environment, applying which principle to hold industries strictly liable for pollution damage regardless of negligence?

  1. Strict liability
  2. Absolute liability
  3. Vicarious liability
  4. Contributory negligence
polity hard fill_blank

Indian courts increasingly recognize intersectional vulnerabilities (e.g., Dalit women, disabled LGBTQ+ persons) and interpret Article 14 to address compounded discrimination by combining special provisions under Articles 15(3) for women/children and 15(4) for ______.

  1. religious minorities
  2. SC/ST/OBC
  3. economic weaker sections
  4. senior citizens
polity hard true_false

Post-Puttaswamy, Indian courts have required that surveillance activities (phone tapping, internet monitoring) comply with procedural safeguards including judicial oversight, proportionality assessment, and transparency to protect right to privacy under Article 21.

  1. True
  2. False
polity hard mcq

In Olga Tellis v. Bombay Municipal Corporation (1985), the Supreme Court balanced right to livelihood (Article 21) with urban planning needs by holding that eviction of pavement dwellers requires:

  1. Complete prohibition of eviction under any circumstances
  2. Due procedure, alternative arrangement, and rehabilitation to minimize hardship
  3. Immediate eviction without notice for public health reasons
  4. Compensation only, no requirement for alternative shelter
polity hard fill_blank

The 'creamy layer' concept in reservation jurisprudence, introduced in Indra Sawhney case (1992), excludes advanced sections within OBCs from reservation benefits to ensure affirmative action reaches the ______ within reserved categories.

  1. most privileged
  2. neediest
  3. urban
  4. educated