Medium Level – GK Questions

Frequency reuse assigns same frequencies to non-interfering beams/regions, multiplying network capacity. Critical for high-throughput satellites and LEO constellations serving global broadband.

IN-SPACe authorizes private space activities; NSIL commercializes ISRO technologies via industry partnerships. Together they enable India's growing commercial space ecosystem.

Quantum computers simulate quantum systems (molecules, materials) exponentially faster than classical computers for specific problems. Critical for drug discovery, materials science, and chemistry research.

AI logging records inputs, model versions, predictions, and outcomes for accountability, debugging, and regulatory compliance. Critical for high-stakes applications: finance, healthcare, criminal justice.

Efficient AI updates: Transfer Learning adapts pre-trained models; Federated Learning trains on-device; Continual Learning incorporates new data incrementally. Critical for adaptive, resource-efficient AI systems.

Data minimization (DPDP Act, GDPR) limits collection to what's necessary for specified purpose. Reduces privacy risks, storage costs, and breach impact. Critical for responsible AI data practices.

Financial Action Task Force (FATF) sets global AML/CFT standards including Travel Rule for VASPs. Countries implement through domestic laws. Critical for cross-border crypto compliance.

Proof of Stake selects block validators proportional to staked coins, reducing energy consumption vs Proof of Work. Used by Ethereum, Cardano, Solana. Critical for understanding crypto sustainability.

Programmable CBDC enables subsidies usable only for specific goods/services (food, education), preventing misuse while ensuring benefits reach intended purposes. Critical for social welfare efficiency.

India's crypto regulation is evolving: taxation (115BBH), AML (FIU registration), but comprehensive legislation pending. RBI, SEBI, MeitY coordinate on policy. Critical for understanding regulatory uncertainty.

Offline CBDC uses secure hardware (SE, TEE) to enable limited transactions without network. Critical for rural inclusion, disaster resilience, and areas with poor connectivity. Requires careful security design.

Financial Intelligence Unit-India (FIU-IND) receives, analyzes, and disseminates financial intelligence including crypto transactions. VASPs must register and report suspicious activities under PMLA.

e₹-R pilot supports P2P and P2M transactions via QR codes, mobile apps, and offline mode. Integrates with existing payment infrastructure for seamless user experience. Critical for digital payment evolution.

Precision agriculture combines IoT soil sensors, satellite/drone imagery, and AI analytics to optimize input application. Reduces fertilizer overuse (N2O emissions) while maintaining yields. Critical for sustainable farming.

Server consolidation via virtualization reduces hardware, power, cooling requirements. Improves utilization from 10-15% to 60-80%. Critical for data center efficiency and cost reduction.

CDM (Kyoto Protocol) enabled developed countries to invest in emission reduction projects in developing nations, earning Certified Emission Reductions (CERs). Evolving under Paris Agreement Article 6.

Net-zero requires balancing residual emissions with carbon removal: DAC (direct air capture), BECCS (bioenergy with CCS), enhanced weathering. Critical for hard-to-abate sectors and historical emissions.

Artemis Accords (2020) establish principles for lunar cooperation; Outer Space Treaty (1967) provides foundational law; Moon Agreement (1979) addresses resources (limited ratification). India signed Artemis Accords.

Rain attenuation affects Ka/Ku-band satellite signals, requiring adaptive coding, power control, and ground station diversity for reliable service. Critical for satellite network design and QoS planning.

RLV-TD program includes HEX01 (hypersonic flight, 2016) and LEX (Landing Experiment, 2023) demonstrating autonomous landing of winged body. Critical for cost-effective access to space.