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Answer: e₹ / Digital Rupee
e₹ retail pilot (2022-) involves SBI, ICICI, HDFC, etc., testing P2P/P2M transactions via QR, mobile wallets. Evaluates usability, scalability, integration before nationwide rollout. Critical for digital payment evolution.
Answer: Both A and B
Offline CBDC uses secure hardware (SE/TEE) for local transaction storage, synchronizing when online. Critical for financial inclusion in rural/remote areas and disaster resilience. Requires robust security design.
Answer: True
Optimized algorithms reduce computational complexity, lowering CPU/GPU usage and energy. Examples: efficient ML models, database query optimization, caching strategies. Critical for sustainable software engineering.
Answer: Nature-based / Biological
Nature-based solutions: afforestation, soil carbon management, wetland restoration. Provide co-benefits: biodiversity, water regulation, livelihoods. Critical for cost-effective climate mitigation and adaptation.
Answer: Both A and B
Green cloud strategies: choose regions with high renewable energy mix, schedule workloads when grid is cleanest. Tools: Cloud Carbon Footprint, AWS Customer Carbon Footprint Tool. Critical for sustainable IT operations.
Answer: True
Voluntary markets enable companies to buy carbon credits for net-zero pledges, beyond regulatory requirements. Quality concerns: additionality, permanence, double counting. Standards: Verra, Gold Standard ensure integrity.
Answer: All of these
Precision irrigation combines: drip systems for targeted delivery, IoT sensors for real-time soil data, AI for optimal scheduling. Reduces water use by 30-60% while maintaining yields. Critical for water-stressed regions.
Answer: Artemis
Artemis Accords (2020) establish principles for peaceful, transparent lunar cooperation: interoperability, emergency assistance, resource utilization. India signed in 2023, aligning with space diplomacy goals.
Answer: True
Optical inter-satellite links create space-based backbone, reducing ground infrastructure needs and latency. Used in Starlink, OneWeb constellations. Critical for global broadband coverage and resilience.
Answer: SAC
Space Applications Centre (SAC), Ahmedabad, develops communication, remote sensing, and navigation payloads for ISRO satellites. Critical for satellite technology indigenization and application development.
Answer: Knowledge
Zero-Knowledge Proofs enable proving transaction validity without revealing parties or amounts. Critical for privacy-preserving CBDC and crypto systems while maintaining auditability for regulators.
Answer: SEBI
SEBI regulates crypto assets classified as securities (security tokens, certain NFTs). Framework evolving to address tokenization of real-world assets, investor protection, and market integrity.
Answer: True
CBDC design can include holding limits, tiered remuneration, and intermediation models to preserve bank deposit role. Critical for financial stability while enabling digital payment innovation.
Answer: All of these
Privacy techniques: Ring signatures obscure sender; Bulletproofs provide efficient range proofs; Confidential Transactions hide amounts using Pedersen commitments. Balance privacy with regulatory auditability.
Answer: Travel
Travel Rule (FATF Recommendation 16) requires VASPs to transmit sender/receiver information for crypto transactions above threshold. Implemented via protocols like IVMS101. Critical for cross-border AML compliance.
Answer: True
Stablecoin types: fiat-collateralized (USDC), crypto-collateralized (DAI), algorithmic (failed Terra). Regulatory focus: reserve transparency, redemption rights, systemic risk mitigation. Critical for crypto ecosystem understanding.
Answer: PMLA
Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) amended to include VASPs as reporting entities. Requires KYC, transaction monitoring, and suspicious activity reporting. Critical for crypto compliance framework.
Answer: Government Securities / G-Sec
e₹-W pilot tests real-time gross settlement of government securities transactions between banks and financial institutions. Aims to improve efficiency, reduce counterparty risk, and enable new financial products.
Answer: Token-based with Privacy
Token-based CBDC with privacy features (blind signatures, ZK-proofs) enables pseudonymous transactions while maintaining central bank oversight. Balances privacy with AML/CFT compliance requirements.
Answer: True
Edge computing reduces data transmission to cloud, lowering network energy use. Local processing enables real-time decisions with lower latency. Trade-off: managing distributed infrastructure complexity.