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Answer: Robustness
Robustness requires AI systems to perform reliably under normal conditions, edge cases, and adversarial inputs. Techniques: adversarial training, uncertainty quantification, fallback mechanisms. Critical for safety-critical AI applications.
Answer: Digital / e₹
e₹-R pilot involves major banks issuing digital wallets for retail transactions: P2P, P2M, QR payments. Tests usability, scalability, and integration with existing payment systems before full rollout.
Answer: True
Stablecoins (USDT, USDC) maintain value via reserves or algorithms. Used for trading, remittances, DeFi. Regulatory focus: reserve transparency, redemption rights, systemic risk. Critical for crypto ecosystem understanding.
Answer: All of these
CBDC cross-border payments: operate 24/7, enable direct central bank-to-central bank settlement, reduce correspondent banking layers. Critical for trade finance and remittance efficiency.
Answer: FATF / Financial Action Task Force
FATF provides international standards for virtual assets: definition of VASPs, Travel Rule, risk-based supervision. Countries implement through domestic laws. Critical for cross-border crypto compliance.
Answer: All of these
Privacy-preserving techniques: ZK-proofs verify without revealing data; ring signatures obscure sender; confidential transactions hide amounts. Balance privacy with regulatory compliance (AML/KYC).
Answer: True
Wholesale CBDC enables real-time gross settlement between banks, central counterparties, and financial institutions. Improves efficiency, reduces counterparty risk, and enables new financial products.
Answer: Both A and B
RBI regulates payment aspects of crypto; SEBI regulates securities-like tokens; FIU-IND monitors suspicious transactions. Multi-regulator approach addresses different crypto use cases. Critical for compliance questions.
Answer: Blockchain
Blockchain is distributed ledger using cryptographic hashing and consensus mechanisms (PoW, PoS) for tamper-resistant record-keeping. Foundation for Bitcoin, Ethereum, and many CBDC prototypes.
Answer: True
FATF (Financial Action Task Force) Travel Rule requires VASPs to share sender/receiver information for crypto transactions above threshold. India aligns regulations with FATF standards for anti-money laundering.
Answer: Hybrid
Hybrid CBDC design combines online (account-based) and offline (token-based) capabilities. Offline mode uses secure hardware for transactions without internet. Critical for rural inclusion and disaster resilience.
Answer: 115BBH
Section 115BBH (introduced FY 2022-23) taxes crypto income at 30% plus cess, with 1% TDS on transactions. No loss offset allowed. Critical for crypto taxation compliance questions.
Answer: All of these
CBDCs are sovereign digital currency: issued by central banks, legal tender status, regulated monetary policy. Cryptocurrencies are decentralized, volatile, and largely unregulated. Critical for understanding digital money evolution.
Answer: True
e₹ (e-Rupee) is RBI-issued digital token representing sovereign currency. Two types: retail (e₹-R) for public transactions via wallets, wholesale (e₹-W) for interbank settlements. Built on distributed ledger technology.
Answer: All of these
Forest monitoring combines: satellite imagery (Sentinel, Resourcesat), GIS for spatial analysis, AI for change detection. Used for REDD+ programs and climate reporting. Critical for environmental governance.
Answer: Effectiveness / PUE
PUE = Total Facility Energy / IT Equipment Energy. Ideal PUE is 1.0; modern data centers achieve 1.1-1.3. Critical for measuring and improving data center sustainability.
Answer: True
Green hydrogen (renewable-powered electrolysis) produces only water as byproduct. Critical for decarbonizing hard-to-abate sectors: steel, cement, shipping. India's National Green Hydrogen Mission targets production leadership.
Answer: All of these
Green computing combines: virtualization (server consolidation), advanced cooling (liquid, free-air), renewable energy (solar, wind), and energy-efficient hardware. Critical for sustainable IT infrastructure.
Answer: Carbon / Emissions
Carbon trading (cap-and-trade) sets emission limits and allows trading of allowances. India exploring carbon markets under Climate Change Act. Critical for climate policy and finance questions.
Answer: Both A and B
CCS captures CO2 from point sources (power plants); DAC extracts from ambient air. Both enable net-zero pathways. India developing CCS roadmap under National Carbon Capture Program.