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Which technique enables LLMs to learn from human feedback to align with preferences?
- Supervised Fine-Tuning
- RLHF
- Prompt Engineering
- All of these
Answer: RLHF
Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) trains reward models from human rankings, then optimizes LLM to maximize rewards. Critical for aligning AI with human values and safety.
Which principle ensures technology regulations adapt to innovation without stifling development?
- Technology Neutrality
- Proportionality
- Future-Proofing
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Effective tech policy: technology-neutral (focus on outcomes), proportionate to risks, adaptable to innovation. Balances consumer protection with innovation incentives. Critical for policy design.
Which body develops technical standards for telecommunications in India?
- TRAI
- TSDSI
- MeitY
- CERT-In
Answer: TSDSI
Telecommunications Standards Development Society, India (TSDSI) develops indigenous telecom standards, represents India in 3GPP, ITU. Critical for technology sovereignty and 5G/6G leadership.
Which method handles missing data by creating multiple plausible imputations?
- Mean Imputation
- Multiple Imputation
- Deletion
- Forward Fill
Answer: Multiple Imputation
Multiple imputation creates several completed datasets with different plausible values for missing data, analyzing each and combining results. Accounts for uncertainty vs single imputation methods.
Which technique reduces dataset dimensionality while preserving variance?
- Clustering
- PCA
- Regression
- Classification
Answer: PCA
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) transforms features into orthogonal components ordered by variance explained. Enables visualization, noise reduction, and faster model training.
Which visualization type is best for showing distribution of a continuous variable?
- Bar Chart
- Histogram
- Pie Chart
- Scatter Plot
Answer: Histogram
Histograms bin continuous data to show frequency distribution, revealing skewness, outliers, and modality. Critical for exploratory data analysis and statistical understanding.
Which migration strategy involves re-architecting applications for cloud-native patterns?
- Rehost
- Replatform
- Refactor
- Repurchase
Answer: Refactor
Refactor (re-architect) redesigns applications for cloud-native: microservices, serverless, containers. Maximizes cloud benefits but requires significant effort. Critical for digital transformation.
Which pattern enables applications to run across multiple cloud providers for resilience?
- Multi-Cloud
- Hybrid Cloud
- Cloud Bursting
- All of these
Answer: Multi-Cloud
Multi-cloud architecture distributes workloads across AWS, Azure, GCP to avoid vendor lock-in, improve resilience, and leverage best-of-breed services. Critical for enterprise cloud strategy.
Which framework standardizes incident response phases: preparation, detection, containment, eradication, recovery?
- NIST SP 800-61
- ISO 27035
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
NIST SP 800-61 and ISO 27035 provide structured incident response methodologies. Critical for consistent, effective handling of security incidents in enterprises.
Which SOC component correlates alerts from multiple sources to identify advanced threats?
- SIEM
- SOAR
- EDR
- All of these
Answer: SIEM
SIEM (Security Information and Event Management) aggregates logs, correlates events, and detects anomalies across network, endpoint, and application sources. Foundation for modern SOC operations.
Which platform component manages ML model deployment and serving at scale?
- Feature Store
- Model Registry
- Serving Infrastructure
- All of these
Answer: All of these
MLOps platforms integrate: feature stores for consistent data, model registries for versioning, serving infrastructure for scalable inference. Critical for production ML system reliability.
Which technique enables LLMs to execute code or use external tools for complex tasks?
- Function Calling
- Tool Use
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
Function calling/tool use enables LLMs to invoke APIs, run code, query databases for tasks beyond text generation. Critical for building agentic AI systems that interact with real-world systems.
Which practice ensures ML models are continuously monitored and retrained in production?
- CI/CD
- Model Drift Detection
- A/B Testing
- All of these
Answer: All of these
MLOps combines: CI/CD for automated deployment, drift detection for performance monitoring, A/B testing for validation. Critical for maintaining ML system reliability and business value over time.
Which method reduces LLM hallucinations by grounding responses in retrieved external knowledge?
- Fine-tuning
- RAG
- Prompt Engineering
- All of these
Answer: RAG
Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) combines LLMs with external knowledge retrieval, reducing hallucinations by grounding responses in verified sources. Critical for factual accuracy in enterprise AI applications.
Which architecture forms the foundation of modern Large Language Models like GPT and LLaMA?
- CNN
- RNN
- Transformer
- LSTM
Answer: Transformer
Transformer architecture (Vaswani et al., 2017) uses self-attention mechanisms to process sequences in parallel, enabling scaling to billions of parameters. Foundation for GPT, BERT, LLaMA, and other LLMs. Critical for understanding modern AI systems.
Which of the following is NOT a function of an operating system?
- Memory Management
- File System Management
- Compiling Source Code
- Process Scheduling
Answer: Compiling Source Code
Compiling source code is performed by compiler software (like GCC, javac), not the OS. OS functions include: process management, memory management, file system management, device management, security, and user interface. Compilers are application/system software that run ON the OS.
Which technology enables computers to interpret and make decisions based on visual inputs like images and videos?
- NLP
- Computer Vision
- Speech Recognition
- Robotics
Answer: Computer Vision
Computer Vision enables machines to interpret and understand visual information from the world using cameras and AI algorithms. Applications include facial recognition, medical imaging analysis, autonomous vehicles, quality inspection, and augmented reality. Combines deep learning, image processing, and pattern recognition.
Which ISRO center is responsible for developing launch vehicles?
- VSSC
- URSC
- LPSC
- ISAC
Answer: VSSC
VSSC (Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre), Thiruvananthapuram, is ISRO's lead center for launch vehicle development including PSLV, GSLV, and LVM3. URSC handles satellites, LPSC develops propulsion systems, ISAC integrates satellites. ISRO has multiple specialized centers across India.
Which normal form eliminates transitive dependencies in database design?
- 1NF
- 2NF
- 3NF
- BCNF
Answer: 3NF
Third Normal Form (3NF) requires that a table is in 2NF and has no transitive dependencies (non-key attributes depending on other non-key attributes). This reduces redundancy and update anomalies. BCNF is a stricter version of 3NF handling certain edge cases in dependency relationships.
Which technology allows multiple users to share the same frequency band by assigning unique codes?
- FDMA
- TDMA
- CDMA
- OFDMA
Answer: CDMA
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) allows multiple users to transmit simultaneously on same frequency by assigning unique spreading codes. Used in 3G networks. FDMA divides frequency, TDMA divides time slots, OFDMA (used in 4G/5G) combines frequency and time division with orthogonal subcarriers.