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Which service provides managed relational databases with automatic backups and scaling?
- RDS
- Cloud SQL
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
Managed databases (AWS RDS, GCP Cloud SQL) handle provisioning, patching, backups, scaling. Reduces operational overhead vs self-managed databases. Critical for cloud application development.
Which technique identifies phishing emails by analyzing sender reputation and content patterns?
- SPF/DKIM
- Machine Learning
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
Email security combines: SPF/DKIM for authentication, ML for content analysis, heuristics for known patterns. Layered defense critical for phishing protection.
Which practice ensures ML models are versioned alongside code and data for reproducibility?
- DVC
- MLflow
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
MLOps tools: DVC versions data and models, MLflow tracks experiments and deployments. Combined with Git for end-to-end reproducibility. Critical for enterprise ML governance.
Which technique enables LLMs to generate structured outputs like JSON from natural language?
- Function Calling
- Structured Output Parsing
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
Structured output: function calling defines schemas for LLM responses, parsing libraries validate/extract structured data. Critical for integrating LLMs with APIs and databases.
Which principle ensures technology regulations are proportionate to risks posed?
- Proportionality
- Technology Neutrality
- Risk-Based Approach
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Effective tech policy: proportionate to actual risks, technology-neutral (focus on outcomes), risk-based (higher scrutiny for higher-risk activities). Critical for balanced policy design.
Which body oversees cybersecurity policy and coordination in India?
- CERT-In
- NCIIPC
- Both A and B
- MeitY
Answer: Both A and B
CERT-In handles cyber incident response; NCIIPC (National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre) protects critical infrastructure. Both under MeitY for cybersecurity governance.
Which technique handles imbalanced datasets by adjusting class weights during training?
- Oversampling
- Undersampling
- Class Weighting
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Imbalance handling: oversampling (SMOTE) increases minority, undersampling reduces majority, class weighting adjusts loss function. Choice depends on data size and model type.
Which metric is most appropriate for evaluating regression models?
- Accuracy
- Precision
- RMSE
- F1 Score
Answer: RMSE
Regression metrics: RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) penalizes large errors, MAE for robustness, R² for variance explained. Choice depends on business impact of errors.
Which pattern enables stateless microservices to scale independently based on load?
- Stateless Design
- Horizontal Scaling
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
Stateless microservices store session data externally (Redis, database), enabling horizontal scaling by adding instances. Critical for elastic, resilient cloud applications.
Which service enables serverless data processing triggered by events?
- Lambda
- Cloud Functions
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
Serverless compute (AWS Lambda, GCP Cloud Functions) executes code in response to events: API calls, file uploads, messages. Auto-scaling, pay-per-execution pricing. Critical for event-driven architectures.
Which technology provides endpoint detection and response capabilities for advanced threats?
- EDR
- XDR
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
EDR focuses on endpoint telemetry and response; XDR extends to network, cloud, email for cross-domain threat detection. Critical for comprehensive threat protection.
Which practice ensures ML models are monitored for performance degradation in production?
- Drift Detection
- Metric Dashboards
- Alerting
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Production monitoring: drift detection for data/concept changes, dashboards for real-time metrics, alerting for anomalies. Critical for maintaining ML system reliability and business value.
Which technique enables LLMs to maintain context across long conversations?
- Context Window
- Memory Mechanisms
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
Long-context handling: larger context windows (128K+ tokens), memory mechanisms (summarization, retrieval) maintain conversation history. Critical for chatbots and assistants.
Which framework provides guidelines for ethical AI development adopted by India?
- OECD AI Principles
- UNESCO AI Ethics
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
India endorses OECD AI Principles (2019) and UNESCO Recommendation on AI Ethics (2021). Both emphasize human rights, transparency, accountability, sustainability. Critical for AI governance.
Which initiative provides a unified platform for startup mentoring, funding, and compliance?
- Startup India Hub
- DPIIT Recognition
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
Startup India ecosystem integrates: Hub for resources/networking, DPIIT recognition for benefits, NITI Aayog for policy. Supports innovation, job creation, global competitiveness.
Which technique handles time series forecasting with seasonal patterns?
- ARIMA
- Prophet
- LSTM
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Time series methods: ARIMA for stationary series, Prophet for seasonality/holidays, LSTM for complex patterns. Choice depends on data characteristics and forecast horizon.
Which visualization is best for comparing proportions of categories?
- Bar Chart
- Pie Chart
- Stacked Bar
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Proportion visualization: bar charts for clear comparison, pie charts for part-to-whole (limited categories), stacked bars for multiple groups. Choice depends on data and audience.
Which pattern enables gradual traffic shifting between application versions for safe deployments?
- Blue-Green
- Canary
- Feature Flags
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Safe deployment patterns: blue-green (instant switch), canary (gradual rollout), feature flags (toggle functionality). Combined for zero-downtime, low-risk releases. Critical for DevOps practices.
Which storage class is most cost-effective for infrequently accessed archival data?
- Standard
- Infrequent Access
- Archive
- Glacier Deep Archive
Answer: Glacier Deep Archive
Glacier Deep Archive offers lowest cost for long-term retention with 12+ hour retrieval times. Ideal for regulatory archives, backups. Trade-off: low storage cost vs high retrieval latency.
Which technique identifies compromised accounts by analyzing login patterns and behaviors?
- UEBA
- SIEM
- EDR
- All of these
Answer: UEBA
UEBA (User and Entity Behavior Analytics) uses ML to establish behavioral baselines and detect anomalies indicating compromised accounts or insider threats. Critical for identity security.