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Answer: All of these
Carbon credit integrity: unique identifiers prevent duplication; central registries track issuance/retirement; blockchain enables transparent, tamper-proof records. Critical for market trust.
Answer: Both A and B
Energy-efficient networking: SDN enables dynamic resource allocation; energy-aware routing selects paths minimizing power use. Critical for sustainable telecom and data center operations.
Answer: All of these
Precision livestock: sensors monitor health/behavior, optimized feed reduces enteric fermentation, manure management captures methane. Critical for sustainable agriculture and climate mitigation.
Answer: Both A and B
Mobile satellite services require: beam steering to track users, handover protocols for seamless transition between beams/satellites. Critical for continuous connectivity in vehicles, aviation, maritime.
Answer: All of these
CBDC for disaster response: direct transfers to affected individuals, programmable conditions for essential goods, offline mode for damaged infrastructure. Critical for resilient social protection.
Answer: Both A and B
Offline CBDC uses secure hardware (SE/TEE) to store transactions locally, synchronizing with central ledger when connectivity restored. Critical for inclusion in connectivity-challenged areas.
Answer: Both A and B
Privacy-preserving CBDC: ZK-proofs verify validity without revealing details; confidential transactions hide amounts using cryptographic commitments. Enable auditability for regulators while protecting user privacy.
Answer: All of these
Effective crypto regulation: technology-neutral (focus on function), proportionate to risks, adaptable to innovation. Avoids stifling development while ensuring consumer protection and financial stability.
Answer: All of these
Multi-regulator approach: RBI warns on risks, SEBI regulates security tokens, ASCI sets advertising standards. Critical for consumer protection and market integrity in evolving crypto landscape.
Answer: Both A and B
Programmable CBDC enables subsidies usable only for specific goods/services (food, education), preventing misuse while ensuring benefits reach intended purposes. Critical for social welfare efficiency.
Answer: All of these
Permanence safeguards: buffer pools set aside credits for reversals; insurance covers unexpected losses; monitoring verifies long-term storage. Critical for credible carbon offset markets.
Answer: All of these
Energy-efficient software: optimized algorithms reduce computational complexity; resource management minimizes idle time; caching avoids redundant processing. Critical for sustainable application development.
Answer: Both A and B
Carbon-negative concrete: mineral carbonation captures CO2 in cement; bio-based aggregates (hemp, mycelium) store carbon. Critical for decarbonizing construction, major emission source.
Answer: Both A and B
Phased array antennas with digital beamforming steer signals electronically without moving parts. Enables adaptive coverage, interference mitigation, and capacity optimization for satellite broadband.
Answer: Both A and B
CBDC interoperability: APIs enable integration with UPI, cards, wallets; common standards (ISO 20022) ensure seamless data exchange. Critical for user adoption and payment ecosystem evolution.
Answer: All of these
CBDC inclusion features: offline mode for connectivity-challenged areas, low transaction costs vs traditional banking, simplified KYC for basic accounts. Critical for expanding financial access.
Answer: All of these
Privacy-enhancing technologies: ZK-proofs verify without revealing data; homomorphic encryption enables computation on ciphertext; SMPC allows joint processing. Balance privacy with regulatory oversight.
Answer: All of these
Modern crypto regulation focuses on economic substance: payment tokens, security tokens, utility tokens regulated by function. Avoids technology lock-in and adapts to innovation. Critical for policy design.
Answer: PMLA Rules
PMLA rules require VASPs to maintain KYC records, transaction logs, and audit trails for 5 years. Enables regulatory oversight, investigation, and compliance verification. Critical for operational requirements.
Answer: Both A and B
Programmable CBDC with embedded rules can enforce AML limits, reporting thresholds, and policy conditions automatically. Enhances compliance efficiency while requiring careful privacy design.