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The minimum number of nodes in a binary tree of height h is ________.
Answer: h+1
Minimum nodes occur in a skewed tree (each node has only one child): height h has h+1 nodes. Maximum nodes in a perfect binary tree of height h is 2^(h+1)-1. Understanding tree properties is essential for algorithm analysis questions in technical government exams.
The Indian law that specifically addresses protection of personal data is called the ________ Act 2023.
Answer: Digital Personal Data Protection
DPDP Act 2023 establishes framework for processing digital personal data, defining rights of data principals and obligations of data fiduciaries. Replaces Section 43A of IT Act 2000. Aligns with global standards while addressing India-specific needs. Critical for compliance questions in banking and UPSC exams.
The Indian government scheme promoting electric vehicle adoption through subsidies is called ________.
Answer: FAME
FAME (Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles) India scheme provides demand incentives for EVs and charging infrastructure. FAME-II (2019) focuses on electrification of public transport and shared mobility. Part of India's commitment to reduce carbon emissions and achieve net-zero by 2070.
The Linux command used to change file permissions is ________.
Answer: chmod
chmod (change mode) modifies file/directory permissions in Linux using symbolic (u+rwx) or octal (755) notation. Permissions control read (r), write (w), and execute (x) access for owner, group, and others. Critical for system security and frequently tested in technical government exams.
The HTML tag used to create a hyperlink is ________.
Answer: <a>
The anchor tag <a> with href attribute creates hyperlinks in HTML. Example: <a href='https://example.com'>Link</a>. Fundamental for web development basics tested in SSC and Railway exams. Other tags: <img> for images, <p> for paragraphs, <div> for containers.
The frequency at which a crystal oscillator resonates is determined by its physical ________ and cut.
Answer: dimensions
Crystal oscillators use piezoelectric quartz crystals whose resonant frequency depends on physical dimensions (thickness, shape) and crystal cut (AT, BT, SC). Thinner crystals resonate at higher frequencies. Used for precise clock generation in microcontrollers, communication systems, and digital circuits. Temperature-compensated (TCXO) and oven-controlled (OCXO) variants improve stability.
The technology that allows mobile devices to connect to internet via nearby Wi-Fi hotspots automatically is called ________ Offloading.
Answer: Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi Offloading redirects mobile data traffic from cellular networks to Wi-Fi hotspots to reduce congestion and improve user experience. Implemented via ANDSF (Access Network Discovery and Selection Function) in 4G/5G. Benefits: cost savings for users/operators, better indoor coverage. Requires seamless authentication and handover mechanisms.
The RBI initiative that enables interoperable prepaid payment instruments across issuers is called ________ Wallet.
Answer: Common
Common Wallet framework (proposed by RBI) aims to enable interoperability among PPIs (wallets) so users can transact across different wallet providers seamlessly. Similar to UPI's interoperability for bank accounts. Would enhance competition, user choice, and financial inclusion. Implementation details and timeline under regulatory consultation.
The principle that AI systems should be designed to allow human oversight and intervention is called human ________.
Answer: in-the-loop
Human-in-the-loop (HITL) ensures humans can monitor, override, or intervene in AI decisions, especially in high-stakes domains. Critical for accountability, error correction, and ethical compliance. Complements human-on-the-loop (supervision) and human-out-of-the-loop (full automation for low-risk tasks). Balances automation benefits with human judgment.
The time complexity of accessing an element in an array by index is ________.
Answer: O(1)
Array access by index is O(1) constant time because memory address is calculated directly: base_address + index * element_size. No traversal needed. Contrasts with linked lists (O(n) for access). This efficiency makes arrays ideal for random access patterns, but insertion/deletion in middle is O(n) due to element shifting.
The device that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) is called a ________.
Answer: Rectifier
Rectifier converts AC to DC using diodes. Types: half-wave (single diode, inefficient), full-wave (center-tapped or bridge, better efficiency). Used in power supplies for electronics, battery chargers, and DC motor drives. Filter capacitors smooth the pulsating DC output. Critical component in virtually all electronic devices powered from mains.
The 5G feature that allows network resources to be partitioned into multiple virtual networks for different use cases is called network ________.
Answer: Slicing
Network Slicing creates multiple logical networks on shared physical 5G infrastructure, each optimized for specific requirements: ultra-reliable low latency (autonomous vehicles), massive IoT (sensors), enhanced mobile broadband (video). Enables customized QoS, security, and management per slice. Critical for monetizing 5G across industries.
The framework that enables open access to bank transaction data with user consent for financial services is called ________.
Answer: Account Aggregator
Account Aggregator (AA) ecosystem enables consent-based sharing of financial data between institutions. Users control data sharing via AA apps. FIPs (banks, mutual funds) provide data; FIUs (lenders, wealth apps) consume for personalized services. Reduces documentation, speeds up credit decisions, and promotes competition in financial services.
The concept of ensuring AI systems do not discriminate against individuals based on protected attributes is called AI ________.
Answer: Fairness
AI Fairness addresses bias in data, algorithms, and outcomes that may disadvantage groups based on race, gender, caste, religion, etc. Techniques: bias detection metrics, debiasing algorithms, diverse training data, and fairness-aware modeling. Critical for ethical deployment in hiring, lending, policing, and public services.
The programming paradigm that treats computation as evaluation of mathematical functions without changing state is called ________ Programming.
Answer: Functional
Functional Programming emphasizes immutability, pure functions (no side effects), and declarative style. Languages: Haskell, Scala, Lisp; features in Python/JavaScript. Benefits: easier testing, parallelization, and reasoning about code. Contrasts with imperative programming that uses mutable state and explicit control flow.
The semiconductor device that allows current flow in only one direction is called a ________.
Answer: Diode
Diode is a two-terminal semiconductor device permitting current flow primarily in one direction (forward bias) while blocking reverse current. Applications: rectification (AC to DC), voltage regulation (Zener diode), signal demodulation, and circuit protection. LED is a special diode emitting light when forward-biased.
The technology that enables multiple users to share same frequency by dividing time into slots is called ________.
Answer: TDMA
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) divides radio frequency into time slots, assigning each user a specific slot for transmission. Used in 2G GSM networks. Contrasts with FDMA (frequency division) and CDMA (code division). 4G/5G use OFDMA which combines time and frequency division with orthogonal subcarriers for higher efficiency.
Infrastructure as Code scanning tools detect security misconfigurations before ________.
Answer: Deployment
IaC scanners analyze Terraform/CloudFormation for misconfigurations: public storage, weak IAM.
The Digital India Act proposal includes provisions for regulating algorithmic transparency and ________.
Answer: Accountability
Digital India Act aims to address platform accountability, user rights, emerging tech governance.
The technology that uses DNA strands for massively parallel computation is called ________ Computing.
Answer: DNA / Molecular
DNA computing leverages biochemical reactions for parallel problem-solving. Research stage with potential for combinatorial optimization, cryptography, archival storage.