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Article 47 raises the level of nutrition and standard of living and improves public health, and also directs the State to bring about prohibition of intoxicating drinks and drugs except for ______ purposes.
- recreational
- medicinal
- industrial
- export
Answer: medicinal
Article 47 is a Gandhian principle directing the State to: (a) raise nutrition levels, (b) improve standard of living, (c) improve public health, and (d) prohibit intoxicating drinks and drugs injurious to health, except for medicinal purposes. Several states have implemented prohibition policies based on this.
Article 49 of the Constitution directs the State to protect every monument or place of national importance from spoliation, disfigurement, or destruction.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Article 49 is a cultural-educational principle directing the State to protect monuments, places, and objects of artistic or historic interest declared of national importance by Parliament. This is implemented through the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958.
Article 45, as amended by the 86th Amendment Act, 2002, now directs the State to provide early childhood care and education for all children until they complete the age of ______ years.
- 3
- 5
- 6
- 14
Answer: 6
Originally, Article 45 provided for free and compulsory education for children until age 14. After the 86th Amendment (2002) inserted Article 21A (Right to Education for 6-14 years), Article 45 was modified to focus on early childhood care and education for children below 6 years.
Article 51 of the Constitution directs the State to promote international peace and security through just and honourable relations between ______.
- citizens
- states
- nations
- political parties
Answer: nations
Article 51 (a liberal-intellectual principle) directs the State to: (a) promote international peace and security, (b) maintain just and honourable relations between nations, (c) foster respect for international law and treaty obligations, (d) encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitration.
Directive Principles of State Policy are enforceable by courts like Fundamental Rights.
- True
- False
Answer: False
Article 37 explicitly states that DPSP are not enforceable by any court. However, they are 'fundamental in the governance of the country' and it is the duty of the State to apply them in making laws. Courts can use them for interpreting statutes and constitutional provisions.
Directive Principles of State Policy are contained in which Part of the Indian Constitution?
- Part III
- Part IV
- Part IVA
- Part V
Answer: Part IV
Part IV (Articles 36-51) contains Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP). They are non-justiciable (not enforceable by courts) but fundamental in governance. The State is duty-bound to apply them while making laws, aiming to establish social and economic democracy.
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar described Article ______ as the 'heart and soul' of the Indian Constitution.
- 14
- 19
- 21
- 32
Answer: 32
Article 32 gives citizens the right to move the Supreme Court for enforcement of Fundamental Rights. Dr. Ambedkar called it the 'heart and soul' because without remedies, rights are meaningless. The Supreme Court can issue five writs: Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari, and Quo Warranto.
Article 24 prohibits employment of children below the age of 14 years in any factory or mine.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Article 24 prohibits employment of children below 14 years in factories, mines, or any other hazardous employment. The Child and Adolescent Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 (amended 2016) strengthens this provision. It is an absolute prohibition with no exceptions for hazardous work.
Which Article of the Indian Constitution prohibits traffic in human beings and forced labour?
- Article 21
- Article 22
- Article 23
- Article 24
Answer: Article 23
Article 23 prohibits traffic in human beings, begar (forced labour without payment), and other similar forms of forced labour. Any contravention is punishable by law. However, the State can impose compulsory service for public purposes (e.g., military service, disaster relief) without discrimination.
The right to assemble peacefully and without arms under Article 19(1)(b) is available only to citizens of India.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Six freedoms under Article 19(1) - speech, assembly, association, movement, residence, profession - are available only to citizens, not foreigners. However, reasonable restrictions can be imposed in the interest of public order and sovereignty & integrity of India under Article 19(3).
The practice of untouchability is punishable by law under the Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Article 17 abolishes untouchability and forbids its practice in any form. The Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955 (originally Untouchability Offences Act, 1955) prescribes punishments for enforcing disabilities arising from untouchability. It is an absolute right with no exceptions.
Article 15 prohibits discrimination by the State on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or ______.
- place of birth
- education
- occupation
- income
Answer: place of birth
Article 15(1) prohibits discrimination on five grounds: religion, race, caste, sex, and place of birth. However, Article 15(3) allows the State to make special provisions for women and children, and Article 15(4) & (5) for socially and educationally backward classes, SCs, and STs.
Article 14 of the Indian Constitution guarantees equality before law and equal protection of laws to all persons within Indian territory.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Article 14 ensures two principles: (1) Equality before law - no one is above law, and (2) Equal protection of laws - like should be treated alike. It applies to all persons, citizens and foreigners alike, within Indian territory.
Article 32, described by Dr. Ambedkar as the 'heart and soul' of the Constitution, empowers the Supreme Court to issue writs for enforcement of Fundamental Rights, making the right to constitutional remedies itself a ______ Right.
- Legal
- Constitutional
- Fundamental
- Natural
Answer: Fundamental
Article 32 as Fundamental Right: (a) Text: Article 32(1) guarantees right to move Supreme Court for enforcement of Fundamental Rights; Dr. Ambedkar called it 'heart and soul' because without remedies, rights are meaningless, (b) Writs: SC can issue Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari, Quo Warranto for FR enforcement, (c) Evolution: PIL relaxed locus standi; continuing mandamus ensures implementation; proportionality test calibrates restrictions, (d) Balance: Article 32 not absolute; courts may refuse writ if adequate alternative remedy exists, petition frivolous, or delay prejudicial. Illustrates enforcement architecture: rights recognized in text become meaningful through accessible, effective remedies. Foundation of Indian constitutionalism: justiciable rights protected by independent judiciary.
The right to free and compulsory education for children aged 6-14 years was made a Fundamental Right by inserting Article ______ through the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002.
- 21A
- 21B
- 45
- 46
Answer: 21A
Right to Education evolution: (a) Unnikrishnan v. State of Andhra Pradesh (1993): SC held right to education up to age 14 is fundamental right implicit in Article 21, (b) 86th Amendment (2002): Inserted Article 21A making education for 6-14 years a Fundamental Right; modified Article 45 for early childhood care; added Fundamental Duty (Article 51A(k)) for parents, (c) RTE Act, 2009: Operationalizes Article 21A with norms for infrastructure, teacher qualifications, 25% reservation in private schools. Illustrates judicial legislation prompting constitutional amendment.
Under Article 280, the Finance Commission is constituted by the President every ______ years to recommend distribution of tax revenues between Union and States and grants-in-aid principles.
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 10
Answer: 5
Finance Commission institutional design: (a) Constitutional mandate: Article 280 requires President to constitute FC every 5 years (or earlier), (b) Composition: Chairman + 4 members with expertise in public affairs, finance, economics, administration, law, (c) Functions: (i) Recommend vertical devolution (Union-State tax share), (ii) Horizontal distribution (among States using criteria like population, area, income distance), (iii) Grants-in-aid to States in need, (iv) Augment State Panchayat/Municipality funds, (d) Impact: FC recommendations shape fiscal federalism; 15th FC (2020-25) recommended 41% devolution, new criteria (demographic performance, tax effort). Illustrates institutionalized fiscal federalism: regular, technical mediation of Centre-State financial claims to balance equity and efficiency.
The minimum age to contest the election for the office of President of India is ______ years.
- 25
- 30
- 35
- 40
Answer: 35
Article 58: Qualifications for President include: (a) citizen of India, (b) 35+ years age, (c) qualified for election as Lok Sabha member, (d) not holding office of profit. Similar to PM eligibility.
The Preamble of the Indian Constitution was amended by the ______ Amendment Act, 1976.
- 24th
- 42nd
- 44th
- 73rd
Answer: 42nd
The 42nd Amendment added the words 'Socialist', 'Secular', and 'Integrity' to the Preamble. The Preamble is part of the Constitution and can be amended under Article 368, but basic structure cannot be altered (Kesavananda Bharati case).
The Vice President of India is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Article 64 states that the Vice President is the ex-officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha. They vote only in case of a tie (casting vote), unlike the Speaker of Lok Sabha.
Which schedule of the Indian Constitution contains the list of States and Union Territories?
- First Schedule
- Second Schedule
- Third Schedule
- Fourth Schedule
Answer: First Schedule
First Schedule (Articles 1 & 4) lists States, their territories, and Union Territories. It has been amended multiple times due to state reorganization (e.g., J&K reorganization, 2019).