True/False – GK Questions

Defragmentation rearranges fragmented files on HDDs to improve read/write speed. However, SSDs have no moving parts and access data electronically, so defragmentation provides no benefit and may reduce SSD lifespan due to unnecessary write cycles. Modern OS automatically disables defrag for SSDs.

Database choice depends on use case. SQL (MySQL, PostgreSQL) excels at structured data, complex queries, and ACID transactions. NoSQL (MongoDB, Cassandra) is better for unstructured data, horizontal scaling, and high-velocity writes. Many systems use both (polyglot persistence) for different needs.

While Aadhaar is widely used for DBT and service delivery, the Supreme Court has ruled that Aadhaar cannot be made mandatory for all services. It is mandatory for PAN linkage, certain welfare schemes, and telecom verification, but alternatives must be provided for other services as per privacy judgments.

A byte is a unit of digital information that most commonly consists of 8 bits. This standard allows representation of 256 values (0-255), sufficient for ASCII characters. Larger units: Kilobyte (1024 bytes), Megabyte (1024 KB), etc. Some historical systems used different byte sizes, but 8-bit byte is now universal.

Edge computing brings computation and data storage closer to IoT devices and data sources, reducing latency, bandwidth usage, and improving real-time processing. Critical for autonomous vehicles, industrial IoT, and smart cities where milliseconds matter. Complements, not replaces, cloud computing.

VoLTE (Voice over LTE) allows voice calls to be transmitted as data packets over 4G networks, enabling faster call setup, HD voice quality, and simultaneous voice+data usage. Unlike traditional calls that drop to 2G/3G, VoLTE maintains 4G connectivity throughout the call.

Cache memory is FASTER than main RAM but SLOWER than CPU registers. Speed hierarchy: CPU Registers (fastest) > L1 Cache > L2 Cache > L3 Cache > RAM > SSD > HDD (slowest). Cache stores frequently accessed data to reduce CPU wait time and improve system performance.

IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses (e.g., 2001:0db8:85a3::8a2e:0370:7334) providing approximately 3.4×10^38 unique addresses, solving IPv4 exhaustion. IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses (e.g., 192.168.1.1) allowing ~4.3 billion addresses. IPv6 also offers improved security and auto-configuration.

Linux is a free and open-source operating system kernel created by Linus Torvalds in 1991. It is not developed by Microsoft. Linux distributions (Ubuntu, Fedora, Debian) are widely used in servers, embedded systems, and increasingly in desktops. Microsoft develops Windows, a proprietary OS.

Gaganyaan is ISRO's ambitious human spaceflight program aiming to send Indian astronauts (Gagannauts) to low Earth orbit (~400 km) for 3-7 days. The mission uses GSLV Mk III rocket and includes multiple uncrewed test flights before the crewed mission, targeted for 2025-26.

CBDC design can include holding limits, tiered remuneration, and intermediation models to preserve bank deposit role. Critical for financial stability while enabling digital payment innovation.

Credible voluntary markets: independent verification of emission reductions, adherence to standards (Verra, Gold Standard), transparent registries. Critical for corporate ESG credibility and climate finance.

Cubesat standardization (1U=10x10x10cm) reduces development cost/time, enables rideshare launches. India promotes Cubesats via ISRO and academic programs for capacity building and innovation.

As of 2026, India's crypto regulation focuses on AML/KYC and taxation. Capital requirements for VASPs are under consideration but not yet mandated. Critical for understanding evolving regulatory landscape.

Wholesale CBDC enables delivery-versus-payment settlement: securities and cash transfer simultaneously, eliminating settlement risk. Critical for financial market infrastructure modernization.

Server virtualization improves utilization from 10-15% to 60-80%, reducing hardware, power, cooling needs. Critical for data center efficiency and cost reduction in cloud environments.

Carbon prices vary by market: compliance markets (regulated caps) vs voluntary (corporate ESG). Influenced by policy stringency, project quality, economic conditions. Critical for climate finance planning.

In-orbit servicing (robotic arms, refueling) extends satellite life, reduces space debris, enables new business models. ISRO's SPADEX tested docking; global companies developing servicing tech.

Section 115BBH taxes crypto transfers at 30% on gross value, with 1% TDS. No loss offset allowed. Critical for comprehensive tax compliance and transaction tracking.

Programmable CBDC with smart contracts can automate tax withholding on transactions, reducing compliance burden and evasion. Requires careful design to balance efficiency with privacy.