Technology – GK Questions

Fog Computing extends cloud capabilities to network edge (routers, gateways), enabling real-time processing for IoT, autonomous vehicles, and industrial automation. Reduces latency, bandwidth usage, and enhances privacy. Complements cloud (centralized) and edge (device-level) computing. Critical for distributed systems questions.

Sugamya Bharat Abhiyan implements Guidelines for Indian Government Websites (GIGW) 3.0, aligned with WCAG 2.1, ensuring websites/apps are perceivable, operable, understandable, and robust for persons with disabilities. Critical for inclusive digital governance and compliance with Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act 2016.

Post-disaster assessment combines: satellite/drone imagery for wide-area coverage, AI for automated damage detection (buildings, roads), and GIS for spatial analysis and resource allocation. Used by NDMA, ISRO, and state agencies for rapid response. Critical for disaster management and geospatial technology questions.

O-RAN (Open Radio Access Network) Alliance promotes open interfaces, virtualization, and AI-driven optimization in mobile networks. Enables multi-vendor interoperability, innovation, and cost reduction. India actively participates to build indigenous 5G/6G ecosystem. Critical for telecom policy and technology sovereignty questions.

India Semiconductor Mission (under MeitY) implements ₹76,000 crore incentive scheme for semiconductor fabs, display fabs, and design ecosystem. Partnerships with global players (TSMC, Micron) announced. Critical for reducing import dependence and building strategic technology self-reliance. Important for industrial policy questions.

Invasive BCIs (like Neuralink, Synchron) have enabled paralyzed individuals to control cursors, robotic arms, and communicate via thought in clinical trials. Non-invasive BCIs (EEG) offer limited control. Challenges: signal resolution, surgical risks, and long-term stability. Represents frontier of neurotechnology and assistive devices.

Accessibility features combine: Screen Readers (TalkBack, VoiceOver) narrate UI elements, OCR converts images to speech, and Speech Synthesis provides audio feedback. Integrated into Android/iOS for inclusive digital access. Critical for digital inclusion and assistive technology questions under Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act.

IMD (India Meteorological Department) uses INSAT/GSAT satellites, Doppler weather radars, and numerical models for cyclone tracking and flood forecasting. ISRO provides satellite data and infrastructure. Early warnings enable evacuation and disaster preparedness, saving lives and property. Critical for disaster management questions.

India achieved one of the world's fastest 5G rollouts, covering 300+ cities within 18 months of spectrum auction (2022-2024). Driven by competitive telecom operators, government policy support, and indigenous technology development. Important for telecom infrastructure and digital India questions.

SPADEX (Space Docking Experiment) successfully demonstrated autonomous rendezvous and docking of two spacecraft in Earth orbit in 2024. Critical technology for future space station modules, satellite servicing, and human spaceflight. Represents India's advancement in complex space operations. Important for ISRO current affairs questions.

Bit (binary digit) is the smallest unit of data in computing, representing either 0 or 1. Eight bits make one byte. All digital information - text, images, audio, video - is ultimately stored and processed as sequences of bits.

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) transmits data in plaintext, making it insecure for sensitive information. HTTPS (HTTP Secure) uses SSL/TLS encryption to protect data in transit. Always use HTTPS for login pages, payments, and personal data.

UPI does NOT require a physical card. It uses virtual payment addresses linked to bank accounts. Key features include 24x7 availability, single-click two-factor authentication, instant fund transfer, and support for multiple banks in one app.

Authentication is the process of verifying who a user claims to be, typically using passwords, biometrics, or tokens. It is distinct from authorization (what an authenticated user is allowed to do) and accounting (tracking user activities).

Aditya-L1 is India's first dedicated solar mission, positioned at Lagrange Point 1 (L1) to study the Sun's corona, solar emissions, and space weather. Launched in 2023, it carries seven indigenous payloads for comprehensive solar observations.

AGI (human-level AI that can learn and perform any intellectual task) does not yet exist. Current AI systems are Narrow AI, designed for specific tasks. AGI remains a research goal with significant technical and ethical challenges to overcome.

USB (Universal Serial Bus) is an industry standard for cables, connectors, and protocols for connection, communication, and power supply between computers and peripheral devices. USB-C is the latest reversible connector standard.

Primary Key is a column or set of columns that uniquely identifies each row in a table. It cannot contain NULL values and must be unique. Foreign keys establish relationships between tables, while candidate keys are potential primary keys.

CSCs are village-level access points under Digital India that enable delivery of government services, banking, insurance, education, healthcare, and entertainment to rural citizens. They are operated by Village Level Entrepreneurs (VLEs).

Switch is a networking device that connects devices within a LAN and uses MAC addresses to forward data frames only to the intended recipient port. Unlike hubs that broadcast to all ports, switches improve network efficiency and security.